深入学习Node.js

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“Node: Up and Running - Tom Hughes-Croucher and Mike Wilson - O'Reilly Media” 《Node: Up and Running》是由Tom Hughes-Croucher和Mike Wilson合著的一本关于Node.js技术的书籍，由O'Reilly Media在2012年首次出版。这本书旨在帮助读者快速上手并深入理解Node.js，它涵盖了从基础到高级的Node.js开发知识，适用于初学者和有一定经验的开发者。 Node.js是一个基于Chrome V8引擎的JavaScript运行环境，它允许开发者使用JavaScript进行服务器端编程。通过Node.js，你可以创建高性能、高并发的网络应用，如实时聊天服务、协作工具和API服务器等。本书的核心内容可能包括以下几个方面： 1. **Node.js基础**：介绍Node.js的安装过程，以及其非阻塞I/O模型和事件驱动的架构，这些特性使得Node.js在处理大量并发连接时表现出色。 2. **模块系统**：Node.js拥有一个强大的模块系统，允许开发者通过npm（Node Package Manager）轻松地管理和分享代码。书中可能会讲解如何使用内置模块（如fs、http、path等）以及安装和使用第三方模块。 3. **网络编程**：探讨如何使用Node.js构建Web服务器，包括HTTP、HTTPS协议，以及路由、中间件的概念。读者将学习如何处理HTTP请求和响应，以及如何构建RESTful API。 4. **文件系统操作**：Node.js提供了与文件系统交互的接口，书中会解释如何读取、写入、移动和删除文件，这对于构建任何涉及文件操作的应用至关重要。 5. **流处理**：Node.js的流API使得处理大文件和实时数据变得高效。书中可能涵盖如何创建、组合和消费各种类型的流。 6. **异步编程**：由于JavaScript的回调函数和Promise机制，异步编程是Node.js的核心。书中会深入讨论如何避免回调地狱，以及如何利用async/await进行更清晰的异步控制流。 7. **测试和调试**：了解如何编写单元测试，使用调试工具进行问题定位，确保代码的稳定性和可靠性。 8. **性能优化**：讲述如何监控和优化Node.js应用的性能，包括CPU、内存使用和网络延迟的优化策略。 9. **部署与维护**：讲解如何将Node.js应用部署到生产环境，包括负载均衡、日志管理和错误处理。此外，书籍的作者们可能还会分享他们自己的经验和最佳实践，帮助读者避免常见陷阱，提升开发效率。《Node: Up and Running》是一本全面介绍Node.js技术的实用指南，对于想要涉足或深入Node.js开发的人来说，是一本不可多得的参考书。

To my friends, who have listened to my bitching (especially Yta, Emily, Eric, Gris,

Sarah, Allan, Harold and Daniella, and Hipster Ariel). To the countless people who

have given me encouragement, suggestions, and feedback. I couldn’t have done it

without you.

To the readers of this tome, thank you for trusting me with your learning.

xiv | Preface

CHAPTER 1

A Very Brief Introduction to Node.js

Node.js is many things, but mostly it’s a way of running JavaScript outside the web

browser. This book will cover why that’s important and the benefits that Node.js pro-

vides. This introduction attempts to sum up that explanation in a few paragraphs,

rather than a few hundred pages.

Many people use the JavaScript programming language extensively for programming

the interfaces of websites. Node.js allows this popular programming language to be

applied in many more contexts, in particular on web servers. There are several notable

features about Node.js that make it worthy of interest.

Node is a wrapper around the high-performance V8 JavaScript runtime from the Google

Chrome browser. Node tunes V8 to work better in contexts other than the browser,

mostly by providing additional APIs that are optimized for specific use cases. For ex-

ample, in a server context, manipulation of binary data is often necessary. This is poorly

supported by the JavaScript language and, as a result, V8. Node’s Buffer class provides

easy manipulation of binary data. Thus, Node doesn’t just provide direct access to the

V8 JavaScript runtime. It also makes JavaScript more useful for the contexts in which

people use Node.

V8 itself uses some of the newest techniques in compiler technology. This often allows

code written in a high-level language such as JavaScript to perform similarly to code

written in a lower-level language, such as C, with a fraction of the development cost.

This focus on performance is a key aspect of Node.

JavaScript is an event-driven language, and Node uses this to its advantage to produce

highly scalable servers. Using an architecture called an event loop, Node makes pro-

gramming highly scalable servers both easy and safe. There are various strategies that

are used to make servers performant. Node has chosen an architecture that performs

very well but also reduces the complexity for the application developer. This is an

extremely important feature. Programming concurrency is hard and fraught with dan-

ger. Node sidesteps this challenge while still offering impressive performance. As al-

ways, any approach still has trade-offs, and these are discussed in detail later in the

book.

To support the event-loop approach, Node supplies a set of “nonblocking” libraries.

In essence, these are interfaces to things such as the filesystem or databases, which

operate in an event-driven way. When you make a request to the filesystem, rather than

requiring Node to wait for the hard drive to spin up and retrieve the file, the nonblocking

interface simply notifies Node when it has access, in the same way that web browsers

notify your code about an onclick event. This model simplifies access to slow resources

in a scalable way that is intuitive to JavaScript programmers and easy to learn for ev-

eryone else.

Although not unique to Node, supporting JavaScript on the server is also a powerful

feature. Whether we like it or not, the browser environment gives us little choice of

programming languages. Certainly, JavaScript is the only choice if we would like our

code to work in any reasonable percentage of browsers. To achieve any aspirations of

sharing code between the server and the browser, we must use JavaScript. Due to the

increasing complexity of client applications that we are building in the browser using

JavaScript (such as Gmail), the more code we can share between the browser and the

server, the more we can reduce the cost of creating rich web applications. Because we

must rely on JavaScript in the browser, having a server-side environment that uses

JavaScript opens the door to code sharing in a way that is not possible with other server-

side languages, such as PHP, Java, Ruby, or Python. Although there are other platforms

that support programming web servers with JavaScript, Node is quickly becoming the

dominant platform in the space.

Aside from what you can build with Node, one extremely pleasing aspect is how much

you can build for Node. Node is extremely extensible, with a large volume of commu-

nity modules that have been built in the relatively short time since the project’s release.

Many of these are drivers to connect with databases or other software, but many are

also useful software applications in their own right.

The last reason to celebrate Node, but certainly not the least important, is its commu-

nity. The Node project is still very young, and yet rarely have we seen such fervor around

a project. Both novices and experts have coalesced around the project to use and con-

tribute to Node, making it both a pleasure to explore and a supportive place to share

and get advice.

Installing Node.js

Installing Node.js is extremely simple. Node runs on Windows, Linux, Mac, and other

POSIX OSes (such as Solaris and BSD). Node.js is available from two primary locations:

the project’s website or the GitHub repository. You’re probably better off with the

Node website because it contains the stable releases. The latest cutting-edge features

are hosted on GitHub for the core development team and anyone else who wants a

copy. Although these features are new and often intriguing, they are also less reliable

than those in a stable release.

4 | Chapter 1: A Very Brief Introduction to Node.js

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