微软Visual C# 2010编程指南

Visual.C.Sharp.2010

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"Visual C# 2010" 《Visual C# 2010 Step by Step》是由John Sharp编著的一本专为学习Microsoft Visual C# 2010编程语言设计的教程。这本书由Microsoft Press出版，旨在帮助读者逐步掌握C# 2010的基础和高级特性。书中涵盖了C#语言的关键概念、语法以及开发Windows应用程序所需的工具和技术。 Visual C# 2010是.NET Framework的一部分，它是一种面向对象的编程语言，特别适合用于构建Windows桌面应用、Web应用以及移动设备应用。C# 2010引入了许多新特性，如自动属性、匿名类型、LINQ（Language Integrated Query）以及并行编程支持，这些都极大地提升了开发效率和代码可读性。在本书中，读者将学习如何使用Visual Studio 2010集成开发环境（IDE）来创建、调试和测试C#程序。IDE提供了丰富的代码编辑器、调试工具和项目模板，使得初学者和有经验的开发者都能快速上手。作者John Sharp会引导读者从基本的变量和控制结构开始，逐步深入到类、接口、异常处理、文件I/O以及网络编程等领域。 C# 2010的LINQ功能允许开发者以更自然的方式编写查询，与数据库、XML文档和其他数据源交互。并行编程的支持，如Task Parallel Library（TPL），则使得开发者可以充分利用多核处理器的优势，编写高性能的并发代码。此外，书中还可能涉及了WPF（Windows Presentation Foundation）和WCF（Windows Communication Foundation）等技术，它们是构建现代Windows应用程序的重要组件。WPF提供了一种强大的用户界面设计能力，而WCF则用于实现跨进程、跨网络的服务通信。通过阅读《Visual C# 2010 Step by Step》，读者不仅能掌握C#语言的基本语法，还能了解如何利用.NET Framework的强大功能，开发出功能丰富、性能高效的软件应用。这本书对于想要进入C#开发领域的初学者，以及希望更新技能的现有开发者来说，都是一个宝贵的资源。

Table of Contents xv

Part VI Building Professional Solutions with

Visual Studio 2010

27 Introducing the Task Parallel Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Why Perform Multitasking by Using Parallel Processing?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600

The Rise of the Multicore Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

Implementing Multitasking in a Desktop Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

Tasks, Threads, and the ThreadPool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Creating, Running, and Controlling Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .604

Using the Task Class to Implement Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .608

Abstracting Tasks by Using the Parallel Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Returning a Value from a Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

Using Tasks and User Interface Threads Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

Canceling Tasks and Handling Exceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

The Mechanics of Cooperative Cancellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Handling Task Exceptions by Using the AggregateException Class . . . . 641

Using Continuations with Canceled and Faulted Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .645

Chapter 27 Quick Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646

28 Performing Parallel Data Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

Using PLINQ to Parallelize Declarative Data Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Using PLINQ to Improve Performance While Iterating Through a

Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650

Specifying Options for a PLINQ Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

Canceling a PLINQ Query. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

Synchronizing Concurrent Imperative Data Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

Locking Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

Synchronization Primitives in the Task Parallel Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

Cancellation and the Synchronization Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .668

The Concurrent Collection Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .668

Using a Concurrent Collection and a Lock to Implement

Thread-Safe Data Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

Chapter 28 Quick Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

xvii

Acknowledgments

An oft-repeated fable is that the workmen who paint the Forth Railway Bridge, a large

Victorian cantilever structure that spans the Firth of Forth just north of Edinburgh, have a

job for life. According to the myth, it takes them several years to paint it from one end to

the other, and when they have ﬁnished they have to start over again. I am not sure whether

this is due to the ferocity of the Scottish weather, or the sensitivity of the paint that is used,

although my daughter insists it is simply that the members of Edinburgh City Council have

yet to decide on a color scheme that they really like for the bridge. I sometimes feel that this

book has similar attributes. No sooner have I completed an edition and seen it published,

then Microsoft announces another cool update for Visual Studio and C#, and my friends at

Microsoft Press contact me and say, “What are your plans for the next edition?” However,

unlike painting the Forth Railway Bridge, working on a new edition of this text is always an

enjoyable task with a lot more scope for inventiveness than trying to work out new ways

to hold a paint brush. There is always something novel to learn and innovative technology

to play with. In this edition, I cover the new features of C# 4.0 and the .NET Framework 4.0,

which developers will ﬁnd invaluable for building applications that can take advantage of the

increasingly powerful hardware now becoming available. Hence, although this work appears

to be a never-ending task, it is always fruitful and pleasurable.

A large part of the enjoyment when working on a project such as this is the opportunity to

collaborate with a highly motivated group of talented people within Microsoft Press, the

developers at Microsoft working on Visual Studio 2010, and the people who review each

chapter and make suggestions for various improvements. I would especially like to single out

Rosemary Caperton and Stephen Sagman who have worked tirelessly to keep the project

on track, to Per Blomqvist who reviewed (and corrected) each chapter, and to Roger LeBlanc

who had the thankless task of copy-editing the manuscript and converting my prose into

English. I must also make special mention of Michael Blome who provided me with early

access to software and answered the many questions that I had concerning the Task Parallal

Library. Several members of Content Master were kept gainfully employed reviewing and

testing the code for the exercises—thanks Mike Sumsion, Chris Cully, James Millar, and Louisa

Perry. Of course, I must additionally thank Jon Jagger who co-authored the ﬁrst edition of

this book with me back in 2001.

Last but by no means least, I must thank my family. My wife Diana is a wonderful source

of inspiration. When writing Chapter 28 on the Task Parallel Library I had a mental block

xix

Introduction

Microsoft Visual C# is a powerful but simple language aimed primarily at developers creating

applications by using the Microsoft .NET Framework. It inherits many of the best features of

C++ and Microsoft Visual Basic, but few of the inconsistencies and anachronisms, resulting

in a cleaner and more logical language. C# 1.0 made its public debut in 2001. The advent of

C# 2.0 with Visual Studio 2005 saw several important new features added to the language,

including Generics, Iterators, and anonymous methods. C# 3.0 which was released with

Visual Studio 2008, added extension methods, lambda expressions, and most famously of

all, the Language Integrated Query facility, or LINQ. The latest incarnation of the language,

C# 4.0, provides further enhancements that improve its interoperability with other languages

and technologies. These features include support for named and optional arguments, the

dynamic type which indicates that the language runtime should implement late binding for

an object, and variance which resolves some issues in the way in which generic interfaces are

deﬁned. C# 4.0 takes advantage of the latest version of the .NET Framework, also version

4.0. There are many additions to the .NET Framework in this release, but arguably the most

signiﬁcant are the classes and types that constitute the Task Parallel Library (TPL). Using the

TPL, you can now build highly scalable applications that can take full advantage of multi-core

processors quickly and easily. The support for Web services and Windows Communication

Foundation (WCF) has also been extended; you can now build services that follow the REST

model as well as the more traditional SOAP scheme.

The development environment provided by Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 makes all these

powerful features easy to use, and the many new wizards and enhancements included in

Visual Studio 2010 can greatly improve your productivity as a developer.

Who This Book Is For

This book assumes that you are a developer who wants to learn the fundamentals of

programming with C# by using Visual Studio 2010 and the .NET Framework version 4.0. In

this book, you will learn the features of the C# language, and then use them to build applica-

tions running on the Microsoft Windows operating system. By the time you complete this

book, you will have a thorough understanding of C# and will have used it to build Windows

Presentation Foundation applications, access Microsoft SQL Server databases by using ADO.

NET and LINQ, build responsive and scalable applications by using the TPL, and create REST

and SOAP Web services by using WCF.

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