专家级Oracle数据库架构：高性能与生产力策略

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"Expert Oracle Database Architecture: Techniques and Solutions for High Performance and Productivity" 这本《Expert Oracle Database Architecture》是Oracle数据库领域的一部经典著作，由Darl Kuhn和Thomas Kyte两位专家共同撰写。这本书专注于提供高效能和生产力的Oracle数据库架构技术与解决方案，面向的是对数据库性能优化和企业级数据管理有深入需求的专业人士。在第四版中，作者们涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Oracle数据库架构基础**：介绍Oracle数据库的基本结构，包括表空间、数据文件、控制文件、重做日志文件等，以及如何设计和规划适合企业需求的数据库架构。 2. **高性能存储策略**：讨论了如何通过索引、分区、物理存储优化（如表的组织方式）来提升查询性能，包括B树索引、位图索引、物化视图及其在高并发环境下的应用。 3. **并发控制与事务处理**：深入解析Oracle的多版本并发控制（MVCC）机制，事务隔离级别，以及死锁检测和解决，帮助读者理解如何在高并发环境中保证数据的一致性和完整性。 4. **备份与恢复策略**：讲解了Oracle的备份技术，包括物理备份、逻辑备份，以及RMAN（Recovery Manager）的使用，同时探讨了如何制定有效的灾难恢复计划。 5. **性能监控与调优**：介绍性能分析工具如AWR（Automatic Workload Repository）、ASH（Active Session History），以及如何使用SQL Trace和 tkprof 工具定位和优化慢查询。 6. **高可用性架构**：涵盖RAC（Real Application Clusters）、Data Guard、GoldenGate等技术，以及如何构建高可用和容错的数据库环境。 7. **分布式系统与复制**：讨论了Oracle的分布式数据库系统特性，如分布式事务、分布式查询，以及数据复制技术，适用于多数据中心和云环境的数据库部署。 8. **安全性与权限管理**：讲解Oracle的权限模型、角色、审计功能，以及最佳实践，确保数据安全和合规性。 9. **最新技术与趋势**：可能涵盖了Oracle的最新版本特性，如In-Memory选项、Automatic Indexing、Cloud服务等，以及如何利用这些新技术提升数据库性能和效率。这本书不仅提供了理论知识，还包含大量实际案例和实践经验，旨在帮助读者理解和应用Oracle数据库的最佳实践，以提升系统的性能和生产力。无论你是DBA、开发人员还是系统管理员，都能从中受益匪浅。

DarlKuhn is a DBA/developer working for Oracle. He

also teaches Oracle classes at the University of Denver in

Colorado, and is an active member of the Rocky Mountain

Oracle Users Group. Darl enjoys sharing knowledge, which

has led to several book projects over the years.

ThomasKyte has been working for Oracle (the company)

since version 7.0.9 (1993) and working with Oracle

(software) since version 5.1.5c (the $99 single-user version

for DOS on 360KB floppy disks). Before working at Oracle,

he worked for more than six years as a systems integrator,

building large-scale, heterogeneous databases and

applications, mostly for military and government customers.

These days, he spends a great deal of his time working with

the Oracle database and, more specifically, helping people who are using the Oracle

database. He works directly with customers, either in specifying and building their

systems or, more frequently, helping them rebuild or tune them. In addition, he authors

the “Ask Tom” column in Oracle Magazine, where he answers questions about the Oracle

database and tools. On a typical day, he receives and answers dozens of questions

at asktom.oracle.com. Every two months, he publishes a “best of” in the magazine

(all of the questions asked are available on the Web, stored in an Oracle database).

Additionally, he gives technical seminars covering much of the material in this book.

About the Authors

xvii

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank many people for helping me complete this book.

First, I would like to thank you, the reader of this book. There is a high probability

that if you are reading this book, you have participated in my site http://asktom

.oracle.com in some fashion, perhaps by asking a question or two. It is that act—the act

of asking questions and of questioning the answers—that provides me with the material

for the book and the knowledge behind the material. Without the questions, I would

not be as knowledgeable about the Oracle database as I am. So, it is you who ultimately

makes this book possible.

I would like to thank Tony Davis for his previous work making my work read well.

If you enjoy the flow of the sections, the number of section breaks, and the clarity, then

that is in some part due to him. I have worked with Tony writing technical material since

the year 2000 and have watched his knowledge of Oracle grow over that time. He now

has the ability to not only edit the material but in many cases tech edit it as well. Many of

the examples in this book are there because of him (pointing out that the casual reader

was not going to “get it” without them). This book would not be what it is without him.

Without a technical review team of the caliber I had during the writing of this book

and the previous editions, I would be nervous about the content. The first edition had

Jonathan Lewis, Roderick Manalac, Michael Möller, and Gabe Romanescu as technical

reviewers. They spent many hours poring over the material and verifying it was

technically accurate as well as useful in the real world. Subsequent editions had a team

of similar caliber: Melanie Caffrey, Christopher Beck, and Jason Straub. I firmly believe

a technical book should be judged not only by who wrote it but also by who reviewed it.

Given these seven people, I feel confident in the material.

At Oracle, I work with the best and brightest people I have ever known, and they all

have contributed in one way or another. I would like to thank Ken Jacobs in particular for

his support and enthusiasm over the years. Ken is unfortunately (for us) no longer with

Oracle Corporation, but his impact will long be felt.

Lastly, but most important, I would like to acknowledge the unceasing support I’ve

received from my family. You know you must be important to someone when you try to

do something that takes a lot of “outside of work hours” and that someone lets you know

xix

Introduction

The inspiration for the material contained in this book comes from my experiences

developing Oracle software and from working with fellow Oracle developers and DBAs to

help them build reliable and robust applications based on the Oracle database. The book

is basically a reflection of what I do every day and of the issues I see people encountering

each and every day.

I covered what I felt was most relevant, namely, the Oracle database and its

architecture. I could have written a similarly titled book explaining how to develop

an application using a specific language and architecture—for example, one using

JavaServer Pages that speaks to Enterprise JavaBeans, which in turn uses JDBC to

communicate with Oracle. However, at the end of the day, you really do need to

understand the topics covered in this book in order to build such an application

successfully. This book deals with what I believe needs to be universally known to

develop successfully with Oracle, whether you are a Visual Basic programmer using

ODBC, a Java programmer using EJBs and JDBC, or a Perl programmer using DBI Perl.

This book does not promote any specific application architecture; it does not compare

three-tier to client/server. Rather, it covers what the database can do and what you must

understand about the way it works. Since the database is at the heart of any application

architecture, the book should have a broad audience.

As the title suggests, Expert Oracle Database Architecture concentrates on the

database architecture and how the database itself works. I cover the Oracle database

architecture in depth: the files, memory structures, and processes that comprise an

Oracle database and instance. I then move on to discuss important database topics such

as locking, concurrency controls, how transactions work, and redo and undo, and why it

is important for you to know about these things. Lastly, I examine the physical structures

in the database such as tables, indexes, and datatypes, covering techniques for making

optimal use of them.

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