Gnuplot 4.4：交互式绘图程序指南

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"gnuplot4.4 AnInteractivePlottingProgram" Gnuplot是一款强大的图形绘制工具，适用于多种操作系统，包括Linux、OS/2、Windows、OSX、VMS等。这款开源软件最初设计用于科学家和学生进行数学函数和数据的交互式可视化，但随着时间的发展，它现在支持许多非交互式用途，例如Web脚本，并且作为第三方应用程序如Octave的绘图引擎。自1986年以来，Gnuplot一直受到支持并持续发展。在Gnuplot 4.4版本中，这个交互式绘图程序由众多贡献者共同维护和发展，包括但不限于：Hans-Bernhard Bröker、John Campbell、Robert Cunningham、David Denholm、Gershon Elber、Roger Fearick、Carsten Grammes、Lucas Hart、Lars Hecking、Thomas Koenig、David Kotz、Ed Kubaitis、Russell Lang、Timothée Lecomte、Alexander Lehmann、Alexander Mai、Ethan A. Merritt、Petr Mikulík、Carsten Steger、Tom Tkacik、Jos Vander Woude、Alex Woo、James R. Van Zandt以及Johannes Zellner。此外，用户可以通过电子邮件列表gnuplot-info@lists.sourceforge.net寻求帮助，或者通过gnuplot-bugs@lists.sourceforge.net报告问题，也可以访问SourceForge上的项目网页获取更多信息。 Gnuplot的手册文档详细介绍了各个方面的内容，包括版权信息、简介、求助途径以及4.4版本新增特性。在新特性部分，提到了国际化的改进，这意味着Gnuplot在不同语言环境下的适应性和用户体验得到了提升。手册还涵盖了其他重要主题，如命令行操作、数据处理、图形类型（如2D和3D图表）、图例、颜色和风格设置、输出格式控制（如SVG、PNG、PDF等）以及自定义脚本功能等。 Gnuplot的强大之处在于它的灵活性和可扩展性，用户可以使用其丰富的命令集创建复杂的数据可视化，同时，通过编写脚本，可以自动化绘图过程，方便数据分析和报告制作。此外，Gnuplot支持多种数据输入格式，允许用户直接从文本文件或计算结果导入数据，使得数据可视化变得更加便捷。 Gnuplot是一个功能强大的图形绘制工具，无论是科学研究、教育还是工程应用，都能提供高效、灵活的图形解决方案。通过不断更新和社区支持，Gnuplot保持着活力，继续满足用户对数据可视化的多样化需求。

16 gnuplot 4.4 2 INTRODUCTION

Gnuplot supports many diﬀerent types of output: interactive screen terminals (with mouse and hotkey

input), direct output to pen plotters or modern printers, and output to many ﬁle formats (eps, ﬁg,

jpeg, LaTeX, metafont, pbm, pdf, png, postscript, svg, ...). Gnuplot is easily extensible to include new

output modes. Recent additions include interactive terminals based on aquaterm (OSX) and wxWidgets

(multiple platforms).

The command language of gnuplot is case sensitive, i.e. commands and function names written in

lowercase are not the same as those written in capitals. All command names may be abbreviated as long

as the abbreviation is not ambiguous. Any number of commands may appear on a line, separated by

semicolons (;). Strings may be set oﬀ by either single or double quotes, although there are some subtle

diﬀerences. See syntax (p. 39) and quotes (p. 40) for more details. Examples:

load "filename"

cd ’dir’

Many gnuplot commands have multiple options. Version 4 is less sensitive to the order of these options

than earlier versions, but some order-dependence remains. If you see error messages about unrecognized

options, please try again using the exact order listed in the documentation.

Commands may extend over several input lines by ending each line but the last with a backslash (\).

The backslash must be the last character on each line. The eﬀect is as if the backslash and newline were

not there. That is, no white space is implied, nor is a comment terminated. Therefore, commenting out

a continued line comments out the entire command (see comments (p. 20)). But note that if an error

occurs somewhere on a multi-line command, the parser may not be able to locate precisely where the

error is and in that case will not necessarily point to the correct line.

In this document, curly braces ({}) denote optional arguments and a vertical bar (|) separates mutually

exclusive choices. Gnuplot keywords or help topics are indicated by backquotes or boldface (where

available). Angle brackets (<>) are used to mark replaceable tokens. In many cases, a default value of

the token will be taken for optional arguments if the token is omitted, but these cases are not always

denoted with braces around the angle brackets.

For built-in help on any topic, type help followed by the name of the topic or help ? to get a menu of

available topics.

The new gnuplot user should begin by reading about plotting (if in an interactive session, type help

plotting).

See the simple.dem demo, also available together with other demos on the web page

http://www.gnuplot.info/demo/

Gnuplot can be started from a command line or from an icon according to the desktop environment.

Running it from command line can take the syntax

gnuplot {OPTIONS} file1 file2 ...

where ﬁle1, ﬁle2, etc. are input ﬁle as in the load command. On X11-based systems, you can use

gnuplot {X11OPTIONS} {OPTIONS} file1 file2 ...

see your X11 documentation or rather x11 (p. 212) in this document.

Options interpreted by gnuplot may come anywhere on the line. Files are executed in the order speciﬁed,

as are commands supplied by the -e option, for example

gnuplot file1.in -e "reset" file2.in

The special ﬁlename "-" is used to force reading from stdin. Gnuplot exits after the last ﬁle is processed.

If no load ﬁles are named, Gnuplot takes interactive input from stdin. See help batch/interactive

(p. 19) for more details. The options speciﬁc to gnuplot can be listed by typing

gnuplot --help

See command line options (p. 19) for more details.

Hit ’h’ for help about hotkeys and mousing features in interactive screen terminals (pm, windows,

wxt, x11).

Section seeking-assistance will help you to ﬁnd further information, help and FAQ.

4 NEW FEATURES INTRODUCED IN VERSION 4.4gnuplot 4.4 17

3 Seeking-assistance

The canonical gnuplot web page can be found at

http://www.gnuplot.info

Before seeking help, please check ﬁle FAQ.pdf or the above website for

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) list.

If you need help as a gnuplot user, please use the newsgroup

comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot

We prefer that you read the messages through the newsgroup rather than subscribing to the mailing

list which is also available and carries the same set of messages. Instructions for subscribing to gnuplot

mailing lists may be found via the gnuplot development website on SourceForge

http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnuplot

The address for mailing to list members is:

gnuplot-info@lists.sourceforge.net

Bug reports and code contributions should be uploaded to the trackers at

http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnuplot/support

Please check previous bug reports if the bug you want to report has not been already ﬁxed in a newer

version of gnuplot.

The list of those interested in development version of gnuplot is:

gnuplot-beta@lists.sourceforge.net

When posting a question, please include full details of the version of gnuplot, the machine, and operating

system you are using. A small script demonstrating the problem may be useful. Function plots are

preferable to dataﬁle plots. If email-ing to gnuplot-info, please state whether or not you are subscribed

to the list, so that users who use news will know to email a reply to you. There is a form for such

postings on the website.

4 New features introduced in version 4.4

Gnuplot version 4.4 oﬀers many new features introduced since the preceding oﬃcial version 4.2. This

section lists major additions and gives a partial list of changes and minor new features. For a more

exhaustive list, see the NEWS ﬁle.

4.1 Internationalization

Gnuplot 4.4 contains signiﬁcantly improved support for locale settings and for UTF-8 character encod-

ings. See set locale (p. 119), set encoding (p. 106), set decimalsign (p. 104).

4.2 Transparency

Gnuplot now supports several forms of transparency. Any object or plot element that uses a ﬁll style can

be assigned a transparency from fully opaque to fully transparent. Image or matrix data can be plotted

with an alpha channel using the new plot style with rgbalpha. See ﬁllstyle (p. 141), rgbalpha

(p. 49).

4.3 Volatile Data

The new command refresh is similar to replot except that it uses the previously-stored input data

values rather than rereading the input data ﬁle. Mouse operations (zoom, rotate) will automatically

use refresh rather than replot if the input data stream is marked volatile. Piped or in-line data is

automatically treated as volatile. See refresh (p. 88), plot dataﬁle volatile (p. 69).

18 gnuplot 4.44 NEW FEATURES INTRODUCED IN VERSION 4.4

4.4 Canvas size

In earlier versions of gnuplot, some terminal types used the values from set size to control also the size

of the output canvas; others did not. The use of ’set size’ for this purpose was deprecated in version 4.2.

In version 4.4 almost all terminals now behave as follows:

set term <terminal type> size <XX>, <YY> controls the size of the output ﬁle, or "canvas".

Please see individual terminal documentation for allowed values of the size parameters. By default, the

plot will ﬁll this canvas.

set size <XX>, <YY> scales the plot itself relative to the size of the canvas. Scale values less than

1 will cause the plot to not ﬁll the entire canvas. Scale values larger than 1 will cause only a portion of

the plot to ﬁt on the canvas. Please be aware that setting scale values larger than 1 may cause problems

on some terminal types.

The major exception to this convention is the PostScript driver, which by default continues to act as it

has in earlier versions. Be warned that the next version of gnuplot may change the default behaviour of

the PostScript driver as well.

Example:

set size 0.5, 0.5

set term png size 600, 400

set output "figure.png"

plot "data" with lines

These commands will produce an output ﬁle "ﬁgure.png" that is 600 pixels wide and 400 pixels tall.

The plot will ﬁll the lower left quarter of this canvas. This is consistent with the way multiplot mode

has always worked, however it is a change in the way the png driver worked for single plots in version

4.0.

4.5 New plot elements

The set object command can now be used to deﬁne ﬁxed circles, ellipses, and polygons as well as

rectangles. There is a corresponding new plot style plot with circles. See circle (p. 126), ellipse

(p. 126) and polygon (p. 126).

4.6 New or revised terminal drivers

Two new drivers based on the cairo and pango libraries are included, pngcairo and pdfcairo. These

are alternatives to the older libgd-based png driver and the older PDFLib-based pdf driver. The ﬁgures

in the pdf version of this manual were prepared using the pdfcairo terminal driver.

The canvas terminal driver produces javascript output that draws onto the HTML canvas element of

a web page. It can produce either a complete web page containing a single plot, or a script that can

be embedded as part of an externally generated HTML document that perhaps contains multiple plots.

The embedded plots support browser-side mousing, including zoom/unzoom.

The lua terminal driver creates an data intended to be further processed by a script in the lua program-

ming language. At this point only one such lua script, gnuplot-tikz.lua, is available. It produces a TeX

document suitable for use with the latex TikZ package. Other lua scripts could be written to process

the gnuplot output for use with other TeX packages, or with other non-TeX tools.

Set term tikz is shorthand for set term lua tikz. As decribed above, it uses the generic lua terminal

and an external lua script to produce a latex document.

4.7 New smoothing algorithms

New smoothing algorithms have been added for both 2- and 3-dimensional plots. smooth kdensity

and smooth cumul can be used with plot to draw smooth histograms and cumulative distribution

6 BATCH/INTERACTIVE OPERATION gnuplot 4.4 19

functions, resp. For use with splot several new smoothing kernels have been added to dgrid3d. See

smooth (p. 76) dgrid3d (p. 104).

5 Backwards compatibility

Gnuplot version 4.0 deprecated certain syntax used in earlier versions, but continued to recognize it.

This is now under the control of a conﬁguration option, and can be disabled as follows:

./configure --disable-backwards-compatibility

Notice: Deprecated syntax items may be disabled permanently in some future version of gnuplot.

One major diﬀerence is the introduction of keywords to disambiguate complex commands, particularly

commands containing string variables. A notable issue was the use of bare numbers to specify oﬀsets,

line and point types. Illustrative examples:

Deprecated:

set title "Old" 0,-1

set data linespoints

plot 1 2 4 # horizontal line at y=1

New:

TITLE = "New"

set title TITLE offset char 0, char -1

set style data linespoints

plot 1 linetype 2 pointtype 4

6 Batch/Interactive Operation

Gnuplot may be executed in either batch or interactive modes, and the two may even be mixed together

on many systems.

Any command-line arguments are assumed to be either program options (ﬁrst character is -) or names

of ﬁles containing gnuplot commands. The option -e "command" may be used to force execution of

a gnuplot command. Each ﬁle or command string will be executed in the order speciﬁed. The special

ﬁlename "-" is indicates that commands are to be read from stdin. Gnuplot exits after the last ﬁle is

processed. If no load ﬁles and no command strings are speciﬁed, gnuplot accepts interactive input from

stdin.

Both the exit and quit commands terminate the current command ﬁle and load the next one, until all

have been processed.

Examples:

To launch an interactive session:

gnuplot

To launch a batch session using two command ﬁles "input1" and "input2":

gnuplot input1 input2

To launch an interactive session after an initialization ﬁle "header" and followed by another command

ﬁle "trailer":

gnuplot header - trailer

To give gnuplot commands directly in the command line, using the "-persist" option so that the plot

remains on the screen afterwards:

gnuplot -persist -e "set title ’Sine curve’; plot sin(x)"

To set user-deﬁned variables a and s prior to executing commands from a ﬁle:

gnuplot -e "a=2; s=’file.png’" input.gpl

20 gnuplot 4.4 9 COORDINATES

7 Command-line-editing

Command-line editing and command history are supported using either an external gnu readline library,

an external BSD libedit library, or a built-in equivalent. This choice is a conﬁguration option at the

time gnuplot is built.

The editing commands of the built-in version are given below. The gnu readline and BSD libedit libraries

have their own documentation.

Command-line Editing Commands

Character Function

Line Editing

^B move back a single character.

^F move forward a single character.

^A move to the beginning of the line.

^E move to the end of the line.

^H, DEL delete the previous character.

^D delete the current character.

^K delete from current position to the end of line.

^L, ^R redraw line in case it gets trashed.

^U delete the entire line.

^W delete from the current word to the end of line.

History

^P move back through history.

^N move forward through history.

8 Comments

Comments are supported as follows: a # may appear in most places in a line and gnuplot will ignore the

rest of the line. It will not have this eﬀect inside quotes, inside numbers (including complex numbers),

inside command substitutions, etc. In short, it works anywhere it makes sense to work.

See also set dataﬁle commentschars (p. 103) for specifying comment characters in data ﬁles. Note

that if a comment line ends in ’\’ then the subsequent line is also treated as a comment.

9 Coordinates

The commands set arrow, set key, set label and set object allow you to draw something at an

arbitrary position on the graph. This position is speciﬁed by the syntax:

{<system>} <x>, {<system>} <y> {,{<system>} <z>}

Each <system> can either be ﬁrst, second, graph, screen, or character.

ﬁrst places the x, y, or z coordinate in the system deﬁned by the left and bottom axes; second places

it in the system deﬁned by the second axes (top and right); graph speciﬁes the area within the axes

— 0,0 is bottom left and 1,1 is top right (for splot, 0,0,0 is bottom left of plotting area; use negative z

to get to the base — see set xyplane (p. 156)); screen speciﬁes the screen area (the entire area —

not just the portion selected by set size), with 0,0 at bottom left and 1,1 at top right; and character

gives the position in character widths and heights from the bottom left of the screen area (screen 0,0),

character coordinates depend on the chosen font size.

If the coordinate system for x is not speciﬁed, ﬁrst is used. If the system for y is not speciﬁed, the one

used for x is adopted.

In some cases, the given coordinate is not an absolute position but a relative value (e.g., the second

position in set arrow ... rto). In most cases, the given value serves as diﬀerence to the ﬁrst position.

If the given coordinate resides in a logarithmic axis the value is interpreted as factor. For example,

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