C11标准ISO/IEC 9899:2011正式发布：语言特性详解

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ISO/IEC 9899:2011，通常称为C11标准，是C语言编程语言的第三次正式修订版，于2011年12月15日发布。这个标准的正式版并不是草稿或预览版，而是经过国际标准化组织（ISO）和国际电工委员会（IEC）的审定和批准，提供了全面且详尽的编程语言规范。 C11标准的发布标志着对C语言的重要更新，它旨在增强语言的功能性和兼容性，同时也引入了一些新的特性以适应不断发展的技术需求。其中，主要内容可能包括： 1. 新增特性：C11引入了诸如宽字符类型、通用可变长度数组（variable-length arrays, VLA）、增强的并发支持（如线程局部存储和原子操作）、以及对C99标准的进一步改进。 2. 内存管理：标准规定了更精确的内存管理和错误处理机制，比如改善了动态内存分配函数的行为，以及对NULL指针的更严谨处理。 3. 并发编程：为了支持多线程编程，C11提供了一些新的库函数和语义，如线程创建、同步和互斥控制，这有助于编写更高效和安全的并发代码。 4. 包容性增强：C11允许编译器支持更多的编译选项和扩展，以适应不同平台和应用的需求，同时保持向后兼容。 5. 整数运算：标准可能还优化了整数运算性能，比如增加了对特定整数类型的支持，提升了计算效率。 6. 标准库更新：C11标准也更新了标准库，包括更完善的字符串处理功能、错误处理模块和数学函数等。 7. ISO/IEC版权和许可：文档中的版权信息强调了未经许可复制或利用该标准文本的限制，确保了知识产权的保护。 ISO/IEC 9899:2011 C11标准的正式版对于C语言程序员来说是一次重要的里程碑，它不仅扩展了语言功能，还提高了程序的可靠性和性能，对推动现代软件开发产生了深远影响。在使用C11进行开发时，了解并遵循这些新特性至关重要。

— deprecate ungetc at the beginning of a binary ﬁle

— remove deprecation of aliased array parameters

— conversion of array to pointer not limited to lvalues

— relaxed constraints on aggregate and union initialization

— relaxed restrictions on portable header names

— return without expression not permitted in function that returns a value (and vice

versa)

xvi Foreword

Provided by IHS under license with ISO

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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Introduction

1 With the introduction of new devices and extended character sets, new features may be

added to this International Standard. Subclauses in the language and library clauses warn

implementors and programmers of usages which, though valid in themselves, may

conﬂict with future additions.

2 Certain features are obsolescent, which means that they may be considered for

withdrawal in future revisions of this International Standard. They are retained because

of their widespread use, but their use in new implementations (for implementation

features) or new programs (for language [6.11] or library features [7.31]) is discouraged.

3 This International Standard is divided into four major subdivisions:

— preliminary elements (clauses 1−4);

— the characteristics of environments that translate and execute C programs (clause 5);

— the language syntax, constraints, and semantics (clause 6);

— the library facilities (clause 7).

4 Examples are provided to illustrate possible forms of the constructions described.

Footnotes are provided to emphasize consequences of the rules described in that

subclause or elsewhere in this International Standard. References are used to refer to

other related subclauses. Recommendations are provided to give advice or guidance to

implementors. Annexes provide additional information and summarize the information

contained in this International Standard. A bibliography lists documents that were

referred to during the preparation of the standard.

5 The language clause (clause 6) is derived from ‘‘The C Reference Manual’’.

6 The library clause (clause 7) is based on the 1984 /usr/group Standard.

7 The Working Group responsible for this standard (WG 14) maintains a site on the World

Wide Web at http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/ containing

additional information relevant to this standard such as a Rationale for many of the

decisions made during its preparation and a log of Defect Reports and Responses.

Introduction xvii

Provided by IHS under license with ISO

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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