《代码大全2版》：深入编程实践指南

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"《代码大全第二版》是由Steve McConnell编写的编程经典书籍，主要关注软件开发的深度实践。这本书不适合初学者，而是为有一定经验的程序员提供更深入的见解和技巧。书中涵盖了代码编写、项目管理、软件设计等多个方面的内容，旨在提升读者的编程质量和效率。" 《代码大全第二版》作为一本进阶读物，其核心知识点包括但不限于： 1. **代码质量**：书中强调了编写高质量代码的重要性，包括清晰性、可读性、可维护性和可扩展性。它提供了关于如何写出易于理解和修改的代码的指导。 2. **软件设计原则**：McConnell讨论了各种设计模式和原则，如SOLID原则，以帮助开发者创建更灵活、可复用的系统。 3. **项目管理**：书中涵盖了一些项目管理的最佳实践，如估算、进度计划和风险管理，帮助开发者在实际工作中更好地管理时间和资源。 4. **测试与调试**：讲述了单元测试、集成测试以及调试技术，强调了测试在软件开发中的关键角色。 5. **重构与优化**：讲解了如何识别和改进代码的低效部分，以及何时应该进行代码重构，以提高软件性能。 6. **团队协作与沟通**：书中提到了团队合作的重要性，包括代码审查、版本控制和有效的沟通技巧。 7. **编程习惯与风格**：探讨了不同编程语言的风格和最佳实践，以及如何建立一致的编码标准。 8. **错误处理与异常管理**：解释了如何有效地处理程序错误，避免程序崩溃，并提供了异常处理的策略。 9. **文档与注释**：强调了文档的价值，包括如何编写有效的注释，以帮助其他开发者理解代码。 10. **软件架构**：介绍了不同层次的软件架构设计，如模块化、分层结构和面向服务架构，以及它们对系统的影响。此外，书中还涉及了软件工程的许多其他方面，如需求分析、用户界面设计、性能调优等。《代码大全第二版》不仅是一本技术参考书，也是提升开发者综合素质的宝贵资源。通过阅读和学习，读者可以深化对编程艺术的理解，提高自己的专业技能。

xvi Table of Contents

32 Self-Documenting Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

32.1 External Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

32.2 Programming Style as Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

32.3 To Comment or Not to Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

32.4 Keys to Effective Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

32.5 Commenting Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

32.6 IEEE Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

33 Personal Character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819

33.1 Isn’t Personal Character Off the Topic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

33.2 Intelligence and Humility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

33.3 Curiosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822

33.4 Intellectual Honesty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

33.5 Communication and Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

33.6 Creativity and Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

33.7 Laziness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

33.8 Characteristics That Don’t Matter As Much As You Might Think . . . . . . . . . . . 830

33.9 Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

34 Themes in Software Craftsmanship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

34.1 Conquer Complexity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

34.2 Pick Your Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

34.3 Write Programs for People First, Computers Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

34.4 Program into Your Language, Not in It. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

34.5 Focus Your Attention with the Help of Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

34.6 Program in Terms of the Problem Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

34.7 Watch for Falling Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

34.8 Iterate, Repeatedly, Again and Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

34.9 Thou Shalt Rend Software and Religion Asunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

xix

Preface

The gap between the best software engineering practice and the average practice

is very wide—perhaps wider than in any other engineering discipline. A tool that

disseminates good practice would be important.

—Fred Brooks

My primary concern in writing this book has been to narrow the gap between the

knowledge of industry gurus and professors on the one hand and common commer-

cial practice on the other. Many powerful programming techniques hide in journals

and academic papers for years before trickling down to the programming public.

Although leading-edge software-development practice has advanced rapidly in recent

years, common practice hasn’t. Many programs are still buggy, late, and over budget,

and many fail to satisfy the needs of their users. Researchers in both the software

industry and academic settings have discovered effective practices that eliminate most

of the programming problems that have been prevalent since the 1970s. Because

these practices aren’t often reported outside the pages of highly specialized technical

journals, however, most programming organizations aren’t yet using them today.

Studies have found that it typically takes 5 to 15 years or more for a research develop-

ment to make its way into commercial practice (Raghavan and Chand 1989, Rogers

1995, Parnas 1999). This handbook shortcuts the process, making key discoveries

available to the average programmer now.

Who Should Read This Book?

The research and programming experience collected in this handbook will help you

to create higher-quality software and to do your work more quickly and with fewer

problems. This book will give you insight into why you’ve had problems in the past

and will show you how to avoid problems in the future. The programming practices

described here will help you keep big projects under control and help you maintain

and modify software successfully as the demands of your projects change.

Experienced Programmers

This handbook serves experienced programmers who want a comprehensive, easy-to-

use guide to software development. Because this book focuses on construction, the

most familiar part of the software life cycle, it makes powerful software development

techniques understandable to self-taught programmers as well as to programmers

with formal training.

xx Preface

Technical Leads

Many technical leads have used Code Complete to educate less-experienced program-

mers on their teams. You can also use it to fill your own knowledge gaps. If you’re an

experienced programmer, you might not agree with all my conclusions (and I would be

surprised if you did), but if you read this book and think about each issue, only rarely

will someone bring up a construction issue that you haven’t previously considered.

Self-Taught Programmers

If you haven’t had much formal training, you’re in good company. About 50,000 new

developers enter the profession each year (BLS 2004, Hecker 2004), but only about

35,000 software-related degrees are awarded each year (NCES 2002). From these fig-

ures it’s a short hop to the conclusion that many programmers don’t receive a formal

education in software development. Self-taught programmers are found in the emerg-

ing group of professionals—engineers, accountants, scientists, teachers, and small-

business owners—who program as part of their jobs but who do not necessarily view

themselves as programmers. Regardless of the extent of your programming educa-

tion, this handbook can give you insight into effective programming practices.

Students

The counterpoint to the programmer with experience but little formal training is the

fresh college graduate. The recent graduate is often rich in theoretical knowledge but

poor in the practical know-how that goes into building production programs. The

practical lore of good coding is often passed down slowly in the ritualistic tribal

dances of software architects, project leads, analysts, and more-experienced program-

mers. Even more often, it’s the product of the individual programmer’s trials and

errors. This book is an alternative to the slow workings of the traditional intellectual

potlatch. It pulls together the helpful tips and effective development strategies previ-

ously available mainly by hunting and gathering from other people’s experience. It’s a

hand up for the student making the transition from an academic environment to a

professional one.

Where Else Can You Find This Information?

This book synthesizes construction techniques from a variety of sources. In addition

to being widely scattered, much of the accumulated wisdom about construction has

resided outside written sources for years (Hildebrand 1989, McConnell 1997a).

There is nothing mysterious about the effective, high-powered programming tech-

niques used by expert programmers. In the day-to-day rush of grinding out the latest

project, however, few experts take the time to share what they have learned. Conse-

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