斯坦福大学C++程序设计教材：面向现代工业实践修订版

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"《斯坦福大学程序设计教材》是由斯坦福大学教授Eric S. Roberts编写的，用于春季学期2012年的课程。这本教材是C++编程的精华，旨在与工业界C++的使用方式更加贴近，使得斯坦福大学在教授数据结构方面的教学方法能更广泛地应用于其他学校。尽管此季度的草稿相对完整，但内容仍略显粗糙，尚未经过专业编辑的润色。教材的发展历程与C++语言的诞生有相似之处，最初基于C语言编写，后由Julie Zelenski在2002-03年更新为C++版本，适用于CS106B和CS106X课程。" 在这本教材中，读者可以深入学习C++编程的抽象概念，这是程序设计的基础，包括类、对象、封装、继承和多态等核心概念。C++是一种强大的面向对象的编程语言，它的设计允许程序员以高度灵活的方式处理复杂的问题。通过学习这本教材，学生将能够掌握如何利用C++来设计和实现高效、可维护的软件系统。教材的内容可能涵盖以下几个方面： 1. **基础语法**：介绍C++的基本语法结构，如变量声明、控制流（条件语句和循环）、函数的使用和定义。 2. **面向对象编程**：讲解类和对象的概念，以及如何通过它们来实现模块化和封装。同时，会涉及构造函数、析构函数、成员函数和友元等特性。 3. **数据结构**：探讨数组、链表、栈、队列、树和图等基本数据结构的实现和应用，以及算法分析，如时间复杂度和空间复杂度。 4. **动态内存管理**：介绍指针的使用，包括指针运算、指针作为函数参数和动态内存分配。 5. **模板和泛型编程**：讨论C++中的模板，如何创建泛型代码以提高代码复用性。 6. **异常处理**：教授如何在代码中捕获和处理错误，以增强程序的健壮性。 7. **输入/输出流**：讲解如何使用iostream库进行标准输入输出，包括文件操作。 8. **标准库的使用**：介绍STL（Standard Template Library）中的容器、算法和迭代器，如vector、list、set、map等。 9. **实践项目**：提供实际编程项目，让学生将所学知识应用于解决实际问题，提升编程能力。这本教材不仅是斯坦福大学计算机科学课程的重要参考，也为全球其他教育机构提供了高质量的教学资源，帮助学生和教师更好地理解和掌握C++编程的精髓。通过阅读和实践，学习者可以逐步构建扎实的编程基础，并培养解决问题的思维方式。

6 Overview of C++

combining all the individual object files into an executable file is called linking.

The steps in the compilation process are illustrated in Figure 1-2.

As noted in the discussion of the HelloWorld program earlier in this chapter,

the specific details of the compilation process vary from one machine to another.

There is no way that a general textbook like this can tell you exactly what

commands you should use to run a program on your system. The good news is that

the C++ programs themselves will look the same. One of the advantages of

programming in a higher-level language like C++ is that doing so allows you to

ignore the particular characteristics of the hardware and create programs that will

run on many different machines.

1.3 The structure of a C++ program

The best way to get a feeling for the C++ programming language is to look at some

sample programs, even before you understand the details of the language. The

HelloWorld program is a start, but it is so simple that it doesn’t include many of

the features you’d expect to see in a program. Since this book is designed for a

second course in computer science, you’ve almost certainly written programs that

read input from the user, store values in variables, use loops to perform repeated

calculations, and make use of subsidiary functions to simplify the structure of the

FIGURE 1-2 The compilation process

source file object file

library file

executable file

compiler

linker

* File: HelloWorld.cpp

* --------------------

* This file is adapted from the example

* on page 1 of Kernighan and Ritchie’s

* book The C Programming Language.

using namespace std;

#include <iostream>

int main() {

cout << "hello, world" << endl;

return 0;

}

10011111111000111100111011110100111101100

11010011011100101110111000111001111010100

11100000010000111000000110111110001010111

10001010111010010001000110011011100010010

11000100101011101001011011000101101111101

10110111110111011111101100110110111001110

11100111000111111101000111110001110111010

11110011111010111101110100001111011101010

11011101000011111101010011100101111011111

10111101111101011101111110100010101000000

11011110011011101000011100011111001010010

10101000011110011100101000100110111010111

10110101110111011101011110001001111110010

11111111110011111100100111011011010000100

11010111001111110001101010010111101000010

10001100111001011101000000111110110100000

10111011111101011111111101001110100000111

10100111101011001110101100000101111010000

10010011011000111011010100010000110101101

10111010110111010111010110111011111110001

11000010011100111110010000100000101110110

10001100011111101010111000101011101011100

11010011011100101011010001001111100000110

11111110111001111000001001010010000100100

11000111110110110000101100110011010010100

10011111010010011100010101000010010010111

11111000000000101100110101111111011010100

10100000011000001100001000001101111000011

10101101110001001010110111000100110010111

11010101111011111111011110011100111101001

10011111111000111100111011110100111101100

11010011011100101110111000111001111010100

11100000010000111000000110111110001010111

10001010111010010001000110011011100010010

11000100101011101001011011000101101111101

10110111110111011111101100110110111001110

11100111000111111101000111110001110111010

11110011111010111101110100001111011101010

11011101000011111101010011100101111011111

10111101111101011101111110100010101000000

11011110011011101000011100011111001010010

10101000011110011100101000100110111010111

10110101110111011101011110001001111110010

11111111110011111100100111011011010000100

11010111001111110001101010010111101000010

10001100111001011101000000111110110100000

10111011111101011111111101001110100000111

10100111101011001110101100000101111010000

10010011011000111011010100010000110101101

10111010110111010111010110111011111110001

11000010011100111110010000100000101110110

10001100011111101010111000101011101011100

11010011011100101011010001001111100000110

11111110111001111000001001010010000100100

11000111110110110000101100110011010010100

10011111010010011100010101000010010010111

11111000000000101100110101111111011010100

10100000011000001100001000001101111000011

10101101110001001010110111000100110010111

11010101111011111111011110011100111101001

8 Overview of C++

When you run the PowersOfTwo program shown in Figure 1-3, the computer

begins by asking you for an exponent limit, which specifies how many powers of

two the program should generate. If you type in 8, for example, the program will

generate a list of the powers of two up to 2

, as follows:

This screen image shows what happens if you execute the PowersOfTwo program.

Such images are called sample runs. In each sample run, input from the user

appears in blue so that it is easy to distinguish input data from the output generated

by the program.

As the annotations in Figure 1-3 indicate, the PowersOfTwo program is divided

into several components, which are discussed in the next few sections.

Comments

Much of the text in Figure 1-3 consists of English-language comments. A comment

is text that is ignored by the compiler but which nonetheless conveys information to

other programmers. A comment consists of text enclosed between the markers

/* and */ and may continue over several lines. Alternatively, you can also specify

single-line comments, which begin with the characters // and extend through the

end of the line. This book uses the multiline /* . . . */ comment form except when

the comment marks some part of a program that is not yet complete. Adopting that

strategy makes it easier to find unfinished parts of a program.

Modern programming environments typically use colors to make it easier to

distinguish the various parts of a program. On a color monitor, it is easy to display

many colors, so that a programming environment might, for example, display

keywords in one color, strings in another, and comments in yet some other shade.

Because this text is typeset using only two colors, program listings must be more

economical in their use of color. The only visual distinction that survives the

restricted color palette is between comments, which appear in blue, and the code

actually executed by the computer, which appears in black.

PowersOfTwo

This program lists powers of two.

Enter exponent limit: 8

2 to the 0 = 1

2 to the 1 = 2

2 to the 2 = 4

2 to the 3 = 8

2 to the 4 = 16

2 to the 5 = 32

2 to the 6 = 64

2 to the 7 = 128

2 to the 8 = 256

1.3 The structure of a C++ program 9

As you can see from Figure 1-3, the PowersOfTwo program includes a comment

at the beginning that describes the program as a whole and one before the definition

of raiseToPower that describes the operation of that function at a lower level of

detail. In addition, the program includes a couple of one-line comments that act like

section headings in English text.

Library inclusions

Modern programs are never written without using libraries, which are collections of

previously written tools that perform useful operations. C++ defines a number of

standard libraries, of which one of the most important is iostream. This library

defines a set of simple input and output operations based on a data structure called a

stream, which is a data structure used to manage the flow of information to or from

some data source, such as the console or a file.

To gain access to the iostream library, your program must contain the line

#include <iostream>

This line instructs the C++ compiler to read the relevant definitions from what is

called a header file. The angle brackets in this line indicate that the header file is a

system library that is part of standard C++. Beginning in Chapter 2, you will also

have occasion to use header files that you have written yourself or that come from

other libraries. Those header files typically end with the suffix .h and are enclosed

in quotation marks instead of angle brackets.

In C++, reading in a header file using #include is often not sufficient by itself

to use a system library. To ensure that the names defined in different parts of a

large system do not interfere with one another, the designers of C++ made it

possible to segment code into structures called namespaces, each of which keeps

track of its own set of names. The standard C++ libraries use a namespace called

std, which means that you cannot refer to the names defined in standard header

files like iostream unless you let the compiler know to which namespace those

definitions belong.

Increasingly, professional C++ programmers specify the namespace explicitly by

adding the prefix std:: before each name to which it applies. Using this approach,

the first line of the HelloWorld program becomes

std::cout << "hello, world" << std::endl;

If you want to write code that looks like that of a professional, you can adopt this

style. For someone just learning the language, all those std:: tags make programs

harder to read, so this book instead adopts the convention of adding the line

using namespace std;

10 Overview of C++

at the end of the library inclusion section. At times—most importantly when you

start to define your own library interfaces in Chapter 2—you will need to remember

that the complete name of anything in the standard library namespace includes the

std:: prefix. For the moment, however, it is probably easiest to think of the

using namespace std;

as one of the incantations that the C++ compiler requires to work its magic on your

code.

Function prototypes

Computation in a C++ program is carried out in the context of functions. A

function is a named section of code that performs a specific operation. The

PowersOfTwo program contains two functions—main and raiseToPower—each

of which is described in more detail in one of the sections that follow. Although the

definitions of these functions appear toward the end of the file, the PowersOfTwo

program provides a concise description of the raiseToPower function just after the

library inclusions. This concise form is called a prototype and makes it possible to

make calls to that function before its actual definition appears.

A C++ prototype consists of the first line of the function definition followed by a

semicolon, as illustrated by the prototype

int raiseToPower(int n, int k);

This prototype tells the compiler everything it needs to know about how to call that

function when it appears in the code. As you will see in the expanded discussion of

functions in Chapter 2, the prototype for raiseToPower indicates that the function

takes two integers as arguments and returns an integer as its result.

You must provide the declaration or definition of each function before making

any calls to that function. C++ requires such prototype declarations so the compiler

can check whether calls to functions are compatible with the function definitions. If

you accidentally supply the wrong number of arguments or if the arguments are of

the wrong type, the compiler reports an error, which makes it easier to find such

problems in your code.

The main program

Every C++ program must contain a function with the name main. This function

specifies the starting point for the computation and is called when the program starts

up. When main has finished its work and returns, execution of the program ends.

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