移动宽带技术演进：HSPA和LTE解决方案

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3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband 2nd Edition Oct 2008 本书是介绍HSPA技术，以及移动宽带技术的演进中LTE技术的详细指南。下面是从文件中提取的相关知识点： 1.HSPA技术：HSPA（High Speed Packet Access）是一种高速数据传输技术，用于移动宽带网络。它基于UMTS（Universal Mobile Telecommunications System）网络，能够提供高速数据传输，满足移动宽带应用需求。 2.LTE技术：LTE（Long-Term Evolution）是下一代移动宽带技术，能够提供更高速的数据传输速度和更低的延迟。LTE技术基于OFDMA（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access）和SC-FDMA（Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access）技术，能够提供更好的频谱效率和更高的网络容量。 3.移动宽带技术演进：移动宽带技术的演进是从2G到3G再到4G的发展过程。从2G到3G，移动宽带技术的演进主要是从基于电路交换的网络到基于包交换的网络。从3G到4G，移动宽带技术的演进主要是从基于UMTS网络到基于LTE网络。 4.UMTS网络：UMTS（Universal Mobile Telecommunications System）是一种第三代移动宽带网络技术，能够提供高速数据传输和多媒体服务。UMTS网络基于WCDMA（Wideband Code Division Multiple Access）技术，能够提供高速数据传输和低延迟。 5.LTE网络架构：LTE网络架构主要由以下几个部分组成：UE（User Equipment）、eNodeB（Evolved Node B）、MME（Mobility Management Entity）、SGW（Serving Gateway）和PDN GW（Packet Data Network Gateway）。这些组件共同工作，提供高速数据传输和低延迟的移动宽带服务。 6.HSPA和LTE的比较：HSPA和LTE都是移动宽带技术，但是它们有不同的技术特点。HSPA技术基于UMTS网络，而LTE技术基于OFDMA和SC-FDMA技术。HSPA技术的数据传输速度较慢，而LTE技术的数据传输速度较快。 7.移动宽带应用：移动宽带技术的应用非常广泛，包括视频流媒体、在线游戏、远程教育、远程医疗等。移动宽带技术能够提供高速数据传输和低延迟，使得这些应用能够流畅地运行。 8.LTE技术的优势：LTE技术的优势包括高速数据传输速度、低延迟、更好的频谱效率和更高的网络容量。这些优势使得LTE技术能够满足未来移动宽带应用的需求。 9.移动宽带技术的挑战：移动宽带技术面临的一些挑战包括频谱限制、网络延迟、安全性等。为了解决这些挑战，移动宽带技术需要不断地发展和改进。 10.移动宽带技术的未来发展：移动宽带技术的未来发展方向包括5G技术、物联网、人工智能等。这些技术将使得移动宽带技术更加智能化、自动化和高效化。

List of Figures

1.1 The standardization phases and iterative process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.2 3GPP organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.3 Releases of 3GPP specifications for UTRA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.4 The definition of IMT-2000 in ITU-R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.1 The terminal development has been rapid the past 20 years. . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2 The bit rate – delay service space that is important to cover

when designing a new cellular system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.3 One HSPA and LTE deployment strategy: upgrade to HSPA

Evolution, then deploy LTE as islands in the WCDMA/HSPA sea. . . . 25

3.1 Minimum required E

at the receiver as a function of

bandwidth utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.2 Signal constellations for (a) QPSK, (b) 16QAM and (c) 64QAM. . . . . . 35

3.3 Distribution of instantaneous power for different modulation

schemes. Average power is same in all cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.4 Multi-path propagation causing time dispersion and radio-channel

frequency selectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.5 Extension to wider transmission bandwidth by means of multi-

carrier transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.6 Theoretical WCDMA spectrum. Raised-cosine shape with roll-off

α  0.22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.1 (a) Per-subcarrier pulse shape and (b) spectrum for basic OFDM

transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.2 OFDM subcarrier spacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.3 OFDM modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.4 OFDM time–frequency grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.5 Basic principle of OFDM demodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.6 OFDM modulation by means of IFFT processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.7 OFDM demodulation by means of FFT processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.8 Time dispersion and corresponding received-signal timing. . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.9 Cyclic-prefix insertion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.10 Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission/reception. . . . . . . . . . 52

4.11 Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission/reception with

‘ one-tap equalization ’ at the receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.12 Time-frequency grid with known reference symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

xvi

4.13 (a) Transmission of single wideband carrier and (b) OFDM

transmission over a frequency-selective channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.14 Channel coding in combination with frequency-domain interleaving

to provide frequency diversity in case of OFDM transmission. . . . . . . . 55

4.15 Subcarrier interference as a function of the normalized Doppler

spread f

Doppler

/ Δf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4.16 Spectrum of a basic 5 MHz OFDM signal compared with WCDMA

spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4.17 OFDM as a user-multiplexing/multiple-access scheme: (a) downlink

and (b) uplink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

4.18 Distributed user multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.19 Uplink transmission-timing control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.20 Broadcast scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

4.21 Broadcast vs. Unicast transmission. (a) Broadcast and (b) Unicast. . . . . 62

4.22 Equivalence between simulcast transmission and multi-path

propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

5.1 General time-domain linear equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5.2 Linear equalization implemented as a time-discrete FIR filter.. . . . . . . . 67

5.3 Frequency-domain linear equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5.4 Overlap-and-discard processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

5.5 Cyclic-prefix insertion in case of single-carrier transmission. . . . . . . . . 70

5.6 Orthogonal multiple access: (a) TDMA and (b) FDMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

5.7 FDMA with flexible bandwidth assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

5.8 DFTS-OFDM signal generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

5.9 PAR distribution for OFDM and DFTS-OFDM, respectively.

Solid curve: QPSK. Dashed curve: 16QAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5.10 Basic principle of DFTS-OFDM demodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.11 DFTS-OFDM demodulator with frequency-domain equalization. . . . . . 77

5.12 Uplink user multiplexing in case of DFTS-OFDM. (a) Equal-

bandwidth assignment and (b) unequal-bandwidth assignment. . . . . . . . 78

5.13 Localized DFTS-OFDM vs. Distributed DFTS-OFDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

5.14 Spectrum of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM signals. . . . . . . . . 79

5.15 User multiplexing in case of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM. . . 79

6.1 Linear receive-antenna combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

6.2 Linear receive-antenna combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6.3 Downlink scenario with a single dominating interferer (special

case of only two receive antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

6.4 Receiver scenario with one strong interfering mobile terminal:

(a) Intra-cell interference and (b) Inter-cell interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

6.5 Two-dimensional space/time linear processing (two receive antennas). . 87

List of Figures

xvii

6.6 Two-dimensional space/frequency linear processing (two receive

antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

6.7 Two-antenna delay diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

6.8 Two-antenna Cyclic-Delay Diversity (CDD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

6.9 WCDMA Space–Time Transmit Diversity (STTD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

6.10 Space–Frequency Transmit Diversity assuming two transmit

antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

6.11 Classical beam-forming with high mutual antennas correlation:

(a) antenna configuration and (b) beam-structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

6.12 Pre-coder-based beam-forming in case of low mutual antenna

correlation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

6.13 Per-subcarrier pre-coding in case of OFDM (two transmit

antennas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

6.14 2  2-antenna configuration.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

6.15 Linear reception/demodulation of spatially multiplexed signals. . . . . . . 99

6.16 Pre-coder-based spatial multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

6.17 Orthogonalization of spatially multiplexed signals by means of

pre-coding. λ

i,i

is the i th eigenvalue of the matrix H

H . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

6.18 Single-codeword transmission (a) vs. multi-codeword

transmission (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

6.19 Demodulation/decoding of spatially multiplexed signals based on

Successive Interference Cancellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

7.1 (a) Power control and (b) rate control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

7.2 Channel-dependent scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

7.3 Example of three different scheduling behaviors for two users with

different average channel quality: (a) max C/I, (b) round robin, and

7.4 Illustration of the principle behavior of different scheduling strategies:

(a) for full buffers and (b) for web browsing traffic model. . . . . . . . . . 119

7.5 Example of Chase combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

7.6 Example of incremental redundancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

8.1 WCDMA evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

8.2 WCDMA radio-access network architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

8.3 WCDMA protocol architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

8.4 Simplified view of physical layer processing in WCDMA. . . . . . . . . . 133

8.5 Channelization codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

9.1 Time- and code-domain structure for HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

9.2 Channel-dependent scheduling for HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

9.3 Illustration of the HSDPA architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

List of Figures

xviii

9.4 Dynamic power usage with HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

9.5 Channel structure with HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

9.6 MAC-hs and physical-layer processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

9.7 Priority handling in the scheduler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

9.8 Transport-block sizes vs. the number of channelization codes for

QPSK and 16QAM modulation. The transport-block sizes used for

CQI reporting are also illustrated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

9.9 Generation of redundancy versions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

9.10 Multiple hybrid-ARQ process (six in this example). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

9.11 Protocol configuration when HS-DSCH is assigned. The numbers

in the rightmost part of the figure corresponds to the numbers to

the right in Figure 9.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

9.12 Data flow at UTRAN side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

9.13 Measurements and resource limitations for HSDPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

9.14 Change of serving cell for HSPA. It is assumed that both the

source and target NodeB are part of the active set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

9.15 The principle of two-stage rate matching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

9.16 An example of the generation of different redundancy versions in

the case of IR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

9.17 The channel interleaver for the HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

9.18 The priority queues in the NodeB MAC-hs (left) and the

reordering queues in the UE MAC-hs (right). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

9.19 Illustration of the principles behind reordering queues. . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

9.20 The structure of the MAC-hs header. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

9.21 Timing relation for the CQI reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

9.22 HS-SCCH channel coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

9.23 Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH), introduced in Release 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

9.24 Basic structure of uplink signaling with IQ/code-multiplexed

HS-DPCCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

9.25 Detection threshold for the ACK/NAK field of HS-DPCCH. . . . . . . . . 183

9.26 Enhanced ACK/NAK using PRE and POST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

10.1 Enhanced Uplink scheduling framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

10.2 The architecture with E-DCH (and HS-DSCH) configured. . . . . . . . . . 190

10.3 Separate processing of E-DCH and DCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

10.4 Overall channel structure with HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink.

The new channels introduced as part of Enhanced Uplink are

shown with dashed lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

10.5 MAC-e and physical-layer processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

10.6 Overview of the scheduling operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

10.7 The relation between absolute grant, relative grant and serving

grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

10.8 Illustration of relative grant usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

List of Figures

xix

10.9 Illustration of the E-TFC selection process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

10.10 Synchronous vs. asynchronous hybrid ARQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

10.11 Multiple hybrid ARQ processes for Enhanced Uplink. . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

10.12 Retransmissions in soft handover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

10.13 Code allocation in case of simultaneous E-DCH and HS-DSCH

operation (note that the code allocation is slightly different when

no HS-DPCCH is configured). Channels with SF  4 are shown

on the corresponding SF4 branch for illustrative purposes. . . . . . . . . 209

10.14 Data flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

10.15 Illustration of the resource sharing between E-DCH and DCH

channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

10.16 The relation between absolute grant, relative grant and serving

grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

10.17 Illustration of UE monitoring of the two identities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

10.18 Example of common and dedicated scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

10.19 Grant table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

10.20 Example of activation of individual hybrid ARQ processes. . . . . . . . 218

10.21 E-TFC selection and hybrid ARQ profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

10.22 E-DCH rate matching and the r and s parameters. The bit

collection procedure is identical to the QPSK bit collection

for HS-DSCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

10.23 Amount of puncturing as a function of the transport block

size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

10.24 Mapping from RSN via RV to s and r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

10.25 Reordering mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

10.26 Structure and format of the MAC-e/es PDU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

10.27 E-DCH-related out-band control signaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

10.28 E-HICH and E-RGCH structures (from the serving cell). . . . . . . . . . . 232

10.29 Illustration of signature sequence hopping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

10.30 E-AGCH coding structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

10.31 Timing relation for downlink control channels, 10 ms TTI. . . . . . . . . 236

10.32 Timing relation for downlink control channels, 2 ms TTI. . . . . . . . . . 237

10.33 E-DPCCH coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

11.1 Example of MBMS services. Different services are provided in

different areas using broadcast in cells 1–4. In cell 5, unicast is

used as there is only single user subscribing to the MBMS

service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

11.2 Example of typical phases during an MBMS session. The

dashed phases are only used in case of multicast and not for

broadcast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

11.3 The gain with soft combining and multi-cell reception in

terms of coverage vs. power for 64 kbit/s MBMS service

List of Figures

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移动宽带技术演进：HSPA和LTE解决方案

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