BPMN 2.0 规范解析：业务流程建模与标注

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"BPMN 2.0 是一种业务流程建模和标注标准，全称为 Business Process Model and Notation 的第二个主要版本。该规范由 OMG（Object Management Group）发布，旨在提供一种统一、图形化的语言，让业务人员和技术人员能够共同理解和设计复杂的业务流程。BPMN 2.0 提供了丰富的符号集，涵盖了各种流程元素，如事件、活动、网关、数据对象等，以支持完整的工作流模型。" 在 BPMN 2.0 规范中，有以下几个关键知识点： 1. **图形化表示**：BPMN 使用图形符号来表示业务流程，这些符号直观且易于理解，包括起始事件、结束事件、任务、子流程、网关、泳道等，使得非技术人员也能参与流程设计。 2. **事件**：事件是流程中的重要元素，用于表示流程的开始、结束或特定条件下的触发器。例如，开始事件可以是定时器事件，结束事件可以是错误事件，中间事件可以是信号事件等。 3. **活动**：活动代表流程中的工作单元，可以是人工任务、服务任务或者脚本任务。它们描述了流程中的具体操作或决策。 4. **网关**：网关控制流程的分支和合并，分为排他网关、并行网关和包容网关等，用于实现逻辑分支和流程的同步。 5. **泳道**：泳道用于划分流程中的责任领域，通常代表不同的部门或角色，帮助理解各个实体在流程中的职责。 6. **数据对象**：数据对象表示流程中处理的信息，可以是输入、输出或者过程中的变量，通过数据流与活动关联，体现数据在流程中的流动。 7. **关联和消息**：关联线用于表示任务之间的顺序关系，而消息则表示通信或信息交换，可以是内部流程间，也可以是与外部系统交互。 8. **扩展和自定义**：BPMN 2.0 允许通过扩展点和自定义元素进行增强，适应不同组织的特殊需求。 9. **标准文件格式**：BPMN 2.0 使用 XMI（eXtensible Metadata Interchange）格式存储模型，并提供了相应的 XML Schema（如 BPMN20.xsd）来定义模型结构，确保工具之间的互操作性。 10. **工具支持**：标签中的 Activiti 和 Flowable 是基于 BPMN 2.0 的开源工作流引擎，它们提供用于创建、执行和管理 BPMN 流程的框架。IBM、MEGA、SAP 等公司也提供了支持 BPMN 2.0 的商业解决方案。 BPMN 2.0 的应用范围广泛，不仅适用于业务流程的建模和分析，还用于流程自动化、流程改进、系统集成等多个方面，是现代企业信息化建设的重要工具。通过学习和掌握 BPMN，企业和组织能够更好地管理和优化其业务流程，提高效率并降低成本。

x Business Process Model and Notation, v2.0

Figure 10.62 - InputSet class diagram 219

Figure 10.63 - OutputSet class diagram 220

Figure 10.64 - DataAssociation class diagram 222

Figure 10.65 - A Data Association 222

Figure 10.66 - A Data Association used for an Outputs and Inputs into an Activities 222

Figure 10.67 - A Data Object shown as an output and an inputs 224

Figure 10.68 - A Data Object associated with a Sequence Flow 225

Figure 10.69 - The Event Class Diagram 234

Figure 10.70 - Start Event 238

Figure 10.71 - End Event 246

Figure 10.72 - Intermediate Event 250

Figure 10.73 - EventDefinition Class Diagram 262

Figure 10.74 - Cancel Events 263

Figure 10.75 - Compensation Events 263

Figure 10.76 - CompensationEventDefinition Class Diagram 264

Figure 10.77 - Conditional Events 265

Figure 10.78 - ConditionalEventDefinition Class Diagram 265

Figure 10.79 - Error Events 265

Figure 10.80 - ErrorEventDefinition Class Diagram 266

Figure 10.81 - Escalation Events 266

Figure 10.82 - EscalationEventDefinition Class Diagram 267

Figure 10.83 - Link Events 267

Figure 10.84 - Link Events Used as Off-Page Connector 268

Figure 10.85 - A Process with a long Sequence Flow 269

Figure 10.86 - A Process with Link Intermediate Events used as Go To Objects 269

Figure 10.87 - Link Events Used for looping 270

Figure 10.88 - Message Events 270

Figure 10.89 - MessageEventDefinition Class Diagram 271

Figure 10.90 - Multiple Events 272

Figure 10.91 - None Events 272

Figure 10.92 - Multiple Events 273

Figure 10.93 - SignalEventDefinition Class Diagram 273

Figure 10.94 - Signal Events 273

Figure 10.95 - Terminate Event 274

Figure 10.96 - Timer Events 274

Figure 10.97 - Exclusive start of a Process 275

Figure 10.98 - A Process initiated by an Event-Based Gateway 276

Figure 10.99 - Event synchronization at Process start 276

Figure 10.100 - Example of inline Event Handling via Event Sub-Processes 278

Figure 10.101 - Example of boundary Event Handling 279

Figure 10.102 - A Gateway 287

Figure 10.103 - The Different types of Gateways 288

Figure 10.104 - Gateway class diagram 289

Figure 10.105 - An Exclusive Data-Based Decision (Gateway) Example without the Internal Indicator 290

Figure 10.106 - A Data-Based Exclusive Decision (Gateway) Example with the Internal Indicator 291

Figure 10.107 - Exclusive Gateway class diagram 291

Figure 10.108 - An example using an Inclusive Gateway 292

Business Process Model and Notation, v2.0 xi

Figure 10.109 - Inclusive Gateway class diagram 293

Figure 10.110 - An example using an Parallel Gateway 294

Figure 10.111 - An example of a synchronizing Parallel Gateway 294

Figure 10.112 - Parallel Gateway class diagram 295

Figure 10.113 - An example using a Complex Gateway 295

Figure 10.114 - Complex Gateway class diagram 296

Figure 10.115 – Event-Based Gateway 297

Figure 10.116 - An Event-Based Gateway example using Message Intermediate Events 298

Figure 10.117 - An Event-Based Gateway example using Receive Tasks 298

Figure 10.118 - Exclusive Event-Based Gateway to start a Process 299

Figure 10.119 - Parallel Event-Based Gateway to start a Process 299

Figure 10.120 - Event-Based Gateway class diagram 300

Figure 10.121- Compensation through a boundary Event 303

Figure 10.122 - Monitoring Class Diagram 304

Figure 10.123 - Two Lanes in a Vertical Pool 306

Figure 10.124 - Two Lanes in a horizontal Pool 306

Figure 10.125 - An Example of Nested Lanes 307

Figure 10.126 - The Lane class diagram 308

Figure 10.127 - One Process supporting to another 310

Figure 10.128 - Auditing Class Diagram 311

Figure 10.129 - Monitoring Class Diagram 312

Figure 11.1 - The Choreography metamodel 316

Figure 11.2 - An example of a Choreography 317

Figure 11.3 - A Collaboration diagram logistics example 318

Figure 11.4 - The corresponding Choreography diagram logistics example 319

Figure 11.5 - The use of Sequence Flows in a Choreography 320

Figure 11.6 - The metamodel segment for a Choreography Activity 322

Figure 11.7 - A Collaboration view of Choreography Task elements 323

Figure 11.8 - A Choreography Task 323

Figure 11.9 - A Collaboration view of a Choreography Task 324

Figure 11.10 - A two-way Choreography Task 324

Figure 11.11 - A Collaboration view of a two-way Choreography Task 325

Figure 11.12 - Choreography Task Markers 326

Figure 11.13 - The Collaboration view of a looping Choreography Task 326

Figure 11.14 - The Collaboration view of a Parallel Multi-Instance Choreography Task 327

Figure 11.15 - A Choreography Task with a multiple Participant 327

Figure 11.16 - A Collaboration view of a Choreography Task with a multiple Participant 328

Figure 11.17- A Sub-Choreography 329

Figure 11.18 - A Collaboration view of a Sub-Choreography 329

Figure 11.19 - An expanded Sub-Choreography 330

Figure 11.20 - A Collaboration view of an expanded Sub-Choreography 330

Figure 11.21 - Sub-Choreography (Collapsed) with More than Two Participants 331

Figure 11.22 - Sub-Choreography Markers 332

Figure 11.23 - Sub-Choreography Markers with a multi-instance Participant 332

Figure 11.24 - A Call Choreography calling a Global Choreography Task 333

Figure 11.25 - A Call Choreography calling a Choreography (Collapsed) 333

Figure 11.26 - A Call Choreography calling a Choreography (expanded) 334

xii Business Process Model and Notation, v2.0

Figure 11.27- The Call Choreography class diagram 334

Figure 11.28 - A valid sequence of Choreography Activities 336

Figure 11.29 - The corresponding Collaboration for a valid Choreography sequence 337

Figure 11.30 - A valid sequence of Choreography Activities with a two-way Activity 337

Figure 11.31 - The corresponding Collaboration for a valid Choreography sequence with a two-way Activity 338

Figure 11.32 - An invalid sequence of Choreography Activities 338

Figure 11.33 - The corresponding Collaboration for an invalid Choreography sequence 339

Figure 11.34 - An example of the Exclusive Gateway 346

Figure 11.35 - The relationship of Choreography Activity Participants across the sides of the Exclusive Gateway

shown through a Collaboration 347

Figure 11.36 - Different Receiving Choreography Activity Participants on the output sides of the Exclusive Gateway

348

Figure 11.37 - The corresponding Collaboration view of the above Choreography Exclusive Gateway configuration

349

Figure 11.38 - An example of an Event Gateway 350

Figure 11.39 - The corresponding Collaboration view of the above Choreography Event Gateway configuration 351

Figure 11.40 - An example of a Choreography Inclusive Gateway configuration 353

Figure 11.41 - The corresponding Collaboration view of the above Choreography Inclusive Gateway configuration

354

Figure 11.42 - An example of a Choreography Inclusive Gateway configuration 355

Figure 11.43 - The corresponding Collaboration view of the above Choreography Inclusive Gateway configuration

356

Figure 11.44 - Another example of a Choreography Inclusive Gateway configuration 357

Figure 11.45 - The corresponding Collaboration view of the above Choreography Inclusive Gateway configuration

358

Figure 11.46 - The relationship of Choreography Activity Participants across the sides of the Parallel Gateway 359

Figure 11.47 - The corresponding Collaboration view of the above Choreography Parallel Gateway configuration

360

Figure 11.48 - An example of a Choreography Complex Gateway configuration 361

Figure 11.49 - The corresponding Collaboration view of the above Choreography Complex Gateway configuration

362

Figure 11.50 - An example of a Choreography Process combined with Black Box Pools 363

Figure 11.51 - An example of a Choreography Process combined with Pools that contain Processes 364

Figure 12.1 - BPMN Diagram 369

Figure 12.2 - BPMN Plane 369

Figure 12.3 - BPMN Shape 369

Figure 12.4 - BPMN Edge 370

Figure 12.5 - BPMN Label 370

Figure 12.6 - Depicting a Label for a DataObjectReference with its state 381

Figure 12.7 - Combined Compensation and Loop Characteristic Marker Example 384

Figure 12.8 - Expanded Sub-Process Example 413

Figure 12.9 - Start and End Events on the Border Example 414

Figure 12.10 - Collapsed Sub-Process 416

Figure 12.11 - Contents of Collapsed Sub-Process 416

Figure 12.12 - Nested Lanes Example 418

Figure 12.13 - Vertical Collaboration Example 419

Figure 12.14 - Conversation Example 420

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