cx_oracle 7.3.0官方英文版手册：安装与数据库连接详解

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《cx_oracle英文原版》是一份详尽的官方文档，适用于Release 7.3.0，发布日期为2019年12月3日。这份手册主要关注 cx_Oracle，一个Python接口，用于与Oracle数据库进行交互。它提供了全面的指南，帮助用户理解和使用这个强大的工具。首先，1.1节介绍了cx_Oracle的基本概念。架构部分阐述了库的工作原理，包括其设计和组件，以便用户理解它如何作为Python与Oracle数据库之间的桥梁。功能部分列举了cx_Oracle的主要特性，如高效的数据访问、连接管理以及支持多种数据库操作。 1.2章详细指导了cx_Oracle的安装过程。无论是对初学者还是高级用户，都有涉及：快速开始指南概述了安装步骤；接下来分别讲述了在Linux、Oracle Linux、Windows、macOS等不同操作系统上的安装方法，确保跨平台兼容性。对于没有互联网连接的情况，也有特别的安装步骤。此外，还介绍了通过GitHub或源代码从PyPI（Python包索引）安装的方式，以及升级旧版本的策略，特别是针对cx_Oracle 5.3的安装指引。 1.3章节的核心内容是连接到Oracle数据库。这里有详细的指导，如如何建立数据库连接、关闭连接，以及设置相关的环境变量。文档还讨论了可选的Oracle配置文件和连接字符串的使用，这对于连接管理至关重要。连接池化，包括数据库居民连接池(DRCP)，也是这一部分的重要内容，强调了优化数据库性能的方法。最后，还提到了通过代理服务器连接的选项，以适应复杂的网络环境。《cx_oracle英文原版》是一份实用且全面的参考手册，无论是为了初次接触cx_Oracle的开发者，还是希望深入了解其用法的专家，都能从中找到所需的信息。无论是安装、配置还是日常数据库操作，都能在这里找到答案，确保用户能够有效地利用cx_Oracle进行高效、稳定的Oracle数据库操作。

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𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒, 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒7.3.0

1.2.5 Installing cx_Oracle RPMs on Oracle Linux

Python and cx_Oracle RPM packages are available from the Oracle Linux yum server. Various versions of Python are

easily installed. Using the yum server makes it easy to keep up to date.

Installation instructions are at Oracle Linux for Python Developers.

1.2.6 Installing cx_Oracle on Windows

Install cx_Oracle

Use Python’s Pip package to install cx_Oracle from PyPI:

python -m pip install cx_Oracle --upgrade

If you are behind a proxy, specify your proxy server:

python -m pip install cx_Oracle --proxy=http://proxy.example.com:80 --upgrade

This will download and install a pre-compiled binary if one is available for your architecture. If a pre-compiled binary

is not available, the source will be downloaded, compiled, and the resulting binary installed.

Install Oracle Client

Using cx_Oracle requires Oracle Client libraries to be installed. These provide the necessary network connectivity

allowing cx_Oracle to access an Oracle Database instance. Oracle Client versions 19, 18, 12 and 11.2 are supported.

• If your database is on a remote computer, then download the free Oracle Instant Client “Basic” or “Basic Light”

package for your operating system architecture.

• Alternatively use the client libraries already available in a locally installed database such as the free Oracle XE

release.

Oracle Instant Client Zip Files

To use cx_Oracle with Oracle Instant Client zip ﬁles:

1. Download an Oracle 19, 18, 12, or 11.2 “Basic” or “Basic Light” zip ﬁle: 64-bit or 32-bit, matching your Python

architecture.

Windows 7 users: Note that Oracle 19c is not supported on Windows 7.

2. Unzip the package into a directory that is accessible to your application. For ex-

ample unzip instantclient-basic-windows.x64-19.3.0.0.0dbru.zip to

C:\oracle\instantclient_19_3.

3. Add this directory to the PATH environment variable. For example, on Windows 7, update PATH in Control

Panel -> System -> Advanced System Settings -> Advanced -> Environment Variables -> System Variables ->

PATH. The Instant Client directory must occur in PATH before any other Oracle directories.

Restart any open command prompt windows.

To avoid interfering with existing tools that require other Oracle Client versions, instead of updating the system-

wide PATH variable, you may prefer to write a batch ﬁle that sets PATH, for example:

10 Chapter 1. User Guide

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𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒, 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒7.3.0

REM mypy.bat

SET PATH=C:\oracle\instantclient_19_3;%PATH%

python %

Invoke this batch ﬁle every time you want to run python.

Alternatively use SET to change your PATH in each command prompt window before you run python.

4. Oracle Instant Client libraries require a Visual Studio redistributable with a 64-bit or 32-bit architecture to match

Instant Client’s architecture. Each Instant Client version requires a different redistributable version:

• For Instant Client 19 install VS 2017.

• For Instant Client 18 or 12.2 install VS 2013

• For Instant Client 12.1 install VS 2010

• For Instant Client 11.2 install VS 2005 64-bit or VS 2005 32-bit

5. If you intend to co-locate optional Oracle conﬁguration ﬁles such as tnsnames.ora, sqlnet.ora

or oraaccess.xml with Instant Client, then create a network\admin subdirectory, for example

C:\oracle\instantclient_19_3\network\admin.

This is the default Oracle conﬁguration directory for executables linked with this Instant Client.

Alternatively, Oracle conﬁguration ﬁles can be put in another, accessible directory. Then set the environment

variable TNS_ADMIN to that directory name.

Local Database or Full Oracle Client

cx_Oracle applications can use Oracle Client 19, 18, 12, or 11.2 libraries libraries from a local Oracle Database or full

Oracle Client.

The Oracle libraries must be either 32-bit or 64-bit, matching your Python architecture.

1. Set the environment variable PATH to include the path that contains OCI.dll, if it is not already set. For exam-

ple, on Windows 7, update PATH in Control Panel -> System -> Advanced System Settings -> Advanced ->

Environment Variables -> System Variables -> PATH.

Restart any open command prompt windows.

2. Optional Oracle conﬁguration ﬁles such as tnsnames.ora, sqlnet.ora or oraaccess.xml can be

placed in the network\admin subdirectory of the Oracle Database software installation.

Alternatively, Oracle conﬁguration ﬁles can be put in another, accessible directory. Then set the environment

variable TNS_ADMIN to that directory name.

1.2.7 Installing cx_Oracle on macOS

Install Python

Make sure you are not using the bundled Python. This has restricted entitlements and will fail to load Oracle client

libraries. Instead use Homebrew or Python.org.

Install cx_Oracle

Use Python’s Pip package to install cx_Oracle from PyPI:

1.2. cx_Oracle 7 Installation 11

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𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒, 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒7.3.0

python -m pip install cx_Oracle --upgrade

If you are behind a proxy, specify your proxy server:

python -m pip install cx_Oracle --proxy=http://proxy.example.com:80 --upgrade

The source will be downloaded, compiled, and the resulting binary installed.

Install Oracle Instant Client

cx_Oracle requires Oracle Client libraries, which are found in Oracle Instant Client for macOS. These provide the

necessary network connectivity allowing cx_Oracle to access an Oracle Database instance. Oracle Client versions 18,

12 and 11.2 are supported.

To use cx_Oracle with Oracle Instant Client zip ﬁles:

1. Download the Oracle 19, 18, 12 or 11.2 “Basic” or “Basic Light” zip ﬁle from here. Choose either a 64-bit or

32-bit package, matching your Python architecture.

2. Unzip the package into a single directory that is accessible to your application. For example:

mkdir -p /opt/oracle

unzip instantclient-basic-macos.x64-19.3.0.0.0dbru.zip

3. Add links to $HOME/lib or /usr/local/lib to enable applications to ﬁnd the library. For example:

mkdir ~/lib

ln -s /opt/oracle/instantclient_19_3/libclntsh.dylib ~/lib/

Alternatively, copy the required OCI libraries. For example:

mkdir ~/lib

cp /opt/oracle/instantclient_19_3/{libclntsh.dylib.19.1,libclntshcore.dylib.19.1,

˓→libnnz19.dylib,libociei.dylib} ~/lib/

For Instant Client 11.2, the OCI libraries must be copied. For example:

mkdir ~/lib

cp /opt/oracle/instantclient_11_2/{libclntsh.dylib.11.1,libnnz11.dylib,libociei.

˓→dylib} ~/lib/

4. If you intend to co-locate optional Oracle conﬁguration ﬁles such as tnsnames.ora, sqlnet.ora or

oraaccess.xml with Instant Client, then create a network/admin subdirectory, if it does not already

exist. For example:

mkdir -p /opt/oracle/instantclient_12_2/network/admin

This is the default Oracle conﬁguration directory for executables linked with this Instant Client.

Alternatively, Oracle conﬁguration ﬁles can be put in another, accessible directory. Then set the environment

variable TNS_ADMIN to that directory name.

1.2.8 Installing cx_Oracle without Internet Access

To install cx_Oracle on a computer that is not connected to the internet, download the appropriate cx_Oracle ﬁle from

PyPI. Transfer this ﬁle to the ofﬂine computer and install it with:

12 Chapter 1. User Guide

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𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒, 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒7.3.0

1.2.13 Troubleshooting

If installation fails:

• Use option -v with pip. Review your output and logs. Try to install using a different method. Google anything

that looks like an error. Try some potential solutions.

• Was there a network connection error? Do you need to set the environment variables http_proxy and/or

https_proxy? Or try pip install --proxy=http://proxy.example.com:80 cx_Oracle

--upgrade?

• If upgrading gave no errors but the old version is still installed, try pip install cx_Oracle

--upgrade --force-reinstall

• If you do not have access to modify your system version of Python, can you use pip install cx_Oracle

--upgrade --user or venv?

• Do you get the error “No module named pip”? The pip module is builtin to Python from version 2.7.9

but is sometimes removed by the OS. Use the venv module (builtin to Python 3.x) or virtualenv module (Python

2.x) instead.

• Do you get the error “fatal error: dpi.h: No such file or directory” when building

from source code? Ensure that your source installation has a subdirectory called “odpi” containing ﬁles. If

missing, review the section on Install Using GitHub.

If using cx_Oracle fails:

• Do you get the error “DPI-1047: Oracle Client library cannot be loaded”?

– Check that Python, cx_Oracle and your Oracle Client libraries are all 64-bit or all 32-bit. The DPI-1047

message will tell you whether the 64-bit or 32-bit Oracle Client is needed for your Python.

– On Windows, restart your command prompt and use set PATH to check the environment variable has

the correct Oracle Client listed before any other Oracle directories.

– On Windows, use the DIR command on the directory set in PATH. Verify that OCI.DLL exists there.

– On Windows, check that the correct Windows Redistributables have been installed.

– On Linux, check the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable contains the Oracle Client library direc-

tory.

– On macOS, make sure Oracle Instant Client is in ~/lib or /usr/local/lib and that you are not

using the bundled Python (use Homebrew or Python.org instead).

• If you got “DPI-1072: the Oracle Client library version is unsupported”, then re-

view the installation requirements. cx_Oracle needs Oracle client libraries 11.2 or later. Note that version 19 is

not supported on Windows 7. Similar steps shown above for DPI-1047 may help.

• If you have both Python 2 and 3 installed, make sure you are using the correct python and pip (or python3 and

pip3) executables.

1.3 Connecting to Oracle Database

This chapter covers connecting to Oracle Database using cx_Oracle. It explains the various forms of connections and

how to manage them.

14 Chapter 1. User Guide

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