亚洲中小企业金融科技发展（中英文）

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根据提供的论述，总结如下：《亚开行-中小企业金融科技（英文）》是由亚洲开发银行研究所（ADBI）编著的一本书，共计215页。该书讨论了亚洲中小企业金融科技（Fintech）领域的发展。本书针对亚洲中小企业金融科技的现状和潜力进行了深入研究。本书旨在探讨中小企业在亚洲地区利用金融科技创新提高经济增长和金融包容性的可能性。从技术发展、政策和监管框架、资金和投资等多个角度进行了分析。同时，书中还讨论了亚洲开发银行在促进中小企业金融科技发展方面的角色和努力。需要注意的是，本书中的观点并不一定反映亚洲开发银行研究所、其咨询委员会、亚洲开发银行董事会或成员政府的观点和政策。同时，亚洲开发银行研究所不对本书中包含的数据的准确性进行担保，并且不承担使用这些数据所产生的任何后果。本书中使用了适当的亚洲开发银行成员国名字和缩写，任何变异或不准确之处，包括引文和参考文献，应视为阅读和参考。

Preface

mall and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role as a driving force in

economies around the world, especially in developing and emerging markets.

SMEs in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region are estimated

to comprise more than 98% of the total number of enterprises, and they contribute

to around 40% of gross domestic product. In order to enhance productivity and

ensure sustainable growth in Asia, providing smooth ﬁnancing for SMEs is of critical

importance.

While loan volumes to individual SMEs are relatively small, SMEs tend to have less

disclosed information. Therefore, traditionally, commercial banks have regarded

loans to SMEs as risky, and they have tended to oer higher interest rates because

of the lack of sucient collateral due to SMEs’ limited liquidity. However, new

technologies, including distributed ledger technology, cloud computing, and artiﬁcial

intelligence, have started to enable faster, more convenient, and most cost-eective

ﬁnancial services. The digital innovation is paving the way for SMEs to have access to

better ﬁnancial services.

Accumulated digital data can complement the limited data disclosed by SMEs and

reduce the cost of information asymmetries. In 2014, the National Credit Bureau

(NCB) and I started analyzing banks’ lending records in Thailand to propose a new

credit rating scheme. The project aimed to contribute to ﬁlling the vast credit gaps in

SME lending through the eective use of the NCB’s limited but reliable data on SMEs.

Subsequently, rapid technological developments dramatically increased the available

data sources and now provide various parties with the opportunities to leverage the

data in their activities. For instance, the Secretary of Finance in the Philippines plans

to leverage satellite data to estimate underreported SMEs’ revenue and collect tax

fairly. As an example, any underreporting of income by family-run restaurants can be

readily detected by using satellite data on visitors together with the average spending

per customer. The sales of smallholder farmers can also be reasonably estimated by

monitoring the growth of crops and the number of trucks entering and leaving ﬁelds.

Furthermore, new technology and big data can also be employed to reduce the

cost of information asymmetry between the ﬁnancial sector and SMEs. Technology

advancement improves the eciency of ﬁnancial institutions, including ﬁntech ﬁrms,

by encouraging competition, and it further enables SMEs to achieve more favorable

terms for their ﬁnancing.

Preface

xvi

Meanwhile, growing opportunities are also encouraging governments and international

societies to develop regulatory frameworks, especially for start-up businesses.

Traditionally, the lending and monitoring criteria of ﬁnancial institutions for SME

loans depended heavily on the judgements of experienced bankers. However, ample

and timely information made available by new technology and big data now allow

inexperienced individuals to make investment decisions. Crowdfunding, peer-to-peer

(P2P) lending, and other new tools can support start-up ﬁnance, but they carry unique

and inherent risks. Investors are at risk of losing their invested funds, and SMEs relying

on such funding face the possibility of capital suddenly dryingup or becoming more

expensive in the future. Fraud, information leakages, and cyberattacks are additional

concerns. The challenge for regulators is to protect investors and maintain ﬁnancial

stability while simultaneously maintaining an innovative market by harmonizing fair

law enforcement, making appropriate interventions in the economy, and fostering

technology advancement. The development of a sensible regulatory framework is

crucial as the foundation of a vibrant and trustworthy business environment.

The rapid development of ﬁntech is increasing the need for ﬁnancial education.

Although ﬁntech lowers the barriers to ﬁnancing and investment, the fundamental

risks and organizational limitations remain. Therefore, SMEs need to improve their

ﬁnancial literacy to take the most advantage of the ﬁnancial opportunities made

possible by ﬁntech. Also, SMEs themselves can use ﬁntech as a tool for analyzing

their own businesses and improving performance. In this rapidly changing business

environment, SMEs are required to actively respond to transformation without getting

swept away by the trend.

The purpose of this book is to identify and develop ideas on how to utilize new

technology in SME ﬁnance. Eective utilization should encourage ﬁnancial institutions

and investors to further develop credit risk analysis, increase ﬁnancing, and contribute

to the sustainable growth of SME sectors. Further, this book will explore ways in which

policymakers and market participants can maximize the beneﬁts of and mitigate the

potential risks arising from the new digital era. Thecontent of the book is based on the

research presented at the conference, “HowDigital Innovation Can Help Small and

Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) Access to Finance in Asia,” organized by the Asian

Development Bank Institute and the NCB in October 2018.

The ﬁrst three chapters focus on the ﬁnancial accessibility of SMEs using emerging

ﬁnancial technologies. Chapter 1 overviews the SME credit gap in Asia and assesses

ways for SMEs to improve their access to ﬁnancial services. It further discusses

the ways to boost long-term economic growth using emerging technologies and

Preface

xvii

innovative business models. Chapter 2 discusses open banking and explains its

application in supporting SMEs. It introduces the key concept of open application

programming interfaces and their role in connecting banking systems to a larger

ecosystem in comparison with traditional ﬁnancial institutions. The chapter further

discusses novel-use cases and examples and deliberates on the risks associated with

open banking. Chapter 3 sheds light on the practical solutions for ﬁlling the ﬁnancing

gap in risky businesses and start-ups. It discusses the application of distributed

ledger technologies for hometown investment trust fund schemes by incorporating

an information infrastructure, and a credit risk database for start-ups in order to

create a more sustainable regional fund management framework by increasing the

attractiveness for investors.

Chapters 4 and 5 propose ways to harness the data generated by bank accounts to

reduce time and costs for the realization of more ecient SME ﬁnance. Chapter4

introduces new dynamic monitoring indicators based on the information generated

by bank accounts and illustrates the beneﬁts of timely and structural credit risk

proﬁling. It also provides an application of the indicators for the planning and

implementation of sound economic restoration from the damages caused by

wide-ranging disasters. Chapter 5 discusses the potential of the utilization of bank

account information based on empirical analyses of Japanese data. The analyses

demonstrate that the accuracy of default predictions improves, especially for SMEs,

when the model incorporates bank account information in addition to traditional

ﬁnancial information.

In addition to the traditional lending by commercial banks, Chapter 6 describes

and evaluates P2P lending for SMEs in various countries considering their dierent

systems and regulatory regimes. More speciﬁcally, it carefully reviews the latest

regulatory frameworks of the United States, the United Kingdom, the People’s

Republic of China, and Japan. It also suggests an eective regulation model for the

risk management of loans.

Chapters 7 and 8 examine the impact of ﬁntech on SMEs in Asian countries.

Chapter7 presents an empirical study conducted for a broad range of industries in

Thailand. The study claims that the internet and mobile banking provide substantial

support for SMEs in improving their business performance and increase the

likelihood of them continuing their business. Chapter 8 shows that even in cash-

dominant regions in Indonesia, the introduction of digital payments is beneﬁcial for

the development of SMEs.

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