Arbitrary and reconfigurable optical vortex generation:
a high-efficiency technique using director-varying
liquid crystal fork gratings
Peng Chen,
1
Bing-Yan Wei,
1
Wei Ji,
1
Shi-Jun Ge,
1
Wei Hu,
1,
* Fei Xu,
1
Vladimir Chigrinov,
2
and Yan-Qing Lu
1,3
1
National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
2
Center for Display Research, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
3
e-mail: yqlu@nju.edu.cn
*Corresponding author: huwei@nju.edu.cn
Received March 23, 2015; revised May 6, 2015; accepted May 7, 2015;
posted May 8, 2015 (Doc. ID 236269); published June 5, 2015
A high-efficiency technique for optical vortex (OV) generation is proposed and demonstrated. The technique is
based on liquid crystal fork gratings with space-variant azimuthal orientations, which are locally controlled via
polarization-sensitive alignment layers. Thanks to the optical rewritability of the alignment agent and the dynamic
image generation of the digital micro-mirror device, fork gratings can be instantly and arbitrarily reconfigured.
Corresponding optical vortices carrying arbitrary azimuthal and radial indices are demonstrated with a conversion
efficiency of 98.5%, exhibiting features of polarization control and electrical switching. The technique may pave a
bright road toward OV generation, manipulation, and detection. © 2015 Chinese Laser Press
OCIS codes: (050.1950) Diffraction gratings; (230.3720) Liquid-crystal devices; (230.5440) Polarization-
selective devices; (050.4865) Optical vortices; (160.5335) Photosensitive materials; (260.6042) Singular optics.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.3.000133
1. INTRODUCTION
Optical vortices (OVs), commonly characterized by a phase
singularity and a helical phase front, have gained considerable
interest in a variety of fields over the past two decades [
1].
Their screw-type phase distribution results in an orbital angu-
lar momentum (OAM) of mℏ per photon [
1], wherein m rep-
resents the topological charge, meaning how many twists the
light performs in one wavelength. OAM, theoretically capable
of having an infinite number of states, adds another degree of
freedom in the manipulation of light. Owing to the abundant
vortical states, OAM-based space-division multiplexing could
drastically enhance the bandwidth of optical communication
[
2–4]. OVs are also utilized in quantum computation [5] and
communication [
6–8], which use the multistate of light to
encode information. OAM induces a torque on an electric di-
pole, thereby making rotational motion possible [
9]. This leads
to applications such as optical tweezers, nanostructure
fabrications, and OAM-driven micromachines [
10,11]. In addi-
tion to the fields mentioned above, OVs could also be utilized
in astronomical observations [
12].
A more general description of OVs is the so-called
Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) mode [
1,13]. LG modes have two fea-
tured indices: m and p, which are the azimuthal (i.e., the topo-
logical charge) and the radial indices, respectively. Most
literature on the applications of OVs is based on LG modes
with p 0, which exhibits a donut-like intensity distribution
owing to the phase singularity at the beam axis [
1]. When p is a
positive integer, the mode presents p 1 concentric rings.
These multiringed modes have attracted much attention over
the past few years. More specifically, they are considered
to be suitable tools for the trapping of cold atoms [
14] and
gravitational wave detection [
15]. More recently, OVs with
fractional m values [
16] have been intensively studied for
their great potential in high-dimensional quantum entangle-
ment [
17,18].
The capability of generating high-quality OVs is crucial for
all of the above applications. So far, several means have been
employed for OV generation. In initial studies, a pair of cylin-
drical lenses was used to rotate a Hermite–Gaussian beam
to form the helical phase [
1]. Afterward, OVs were usually
converted from Gaussian beams directly rephased by spiral
phase plates [
19,20] or converted via q-plates [21,22].
However, these methods work only for a fixed conversion
mode and a given wavelength, or are only suitable for simple
LG mode (p 0) generation. Another alternative strategy is
a computer-generated hologram (CGH), which consists of a
diffraction grating with centric dislocations, namely a “fork”
grating [
23,24]. The fork grating can convert a Gaussian beam
into a series of OVs with opposite twist directions. This ap-
proach could be accomplished through patterned electrodes
[
25] or polymer dispersed liquid crystals (LCs) [26]. These vor-
tex generators exhibit excellent tunability. However, the
geometry of the fork gratings is static, and thus the resultant
m is fixed. To arbitrarily refresh the CGHs, the spatial light
modulator (SLM) was introduced [
27,28]. Unfortunately, this
technique suffers from several shortcomings: first, the pixel
size of the SLM (typically ∼10 μm×10 μm[
29]) is too large,
making the chip size mismatch with the incident beam.
Chen et al. Vol. 3, No. 4 / August 2015 / Photon. Res. 133
2327-9125/15/040133-07 © 2015 Chinese Laser Press