Oracle数据库11G入门教程

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"Oracle数据库11G初学者指南" Oracle数据库11G是Oracle公司推出的数据库管理系统的一个重要版本，尤其适合初学者入门学习。本指南由Ian Abramson、Michael Abbey、Michael J. Corey和Michelle Malcher共同编著，旨在帮助读者理解和掌握Oracle 11G的基础知识和关键功能。在Oracle 11G中，有几个核心知识点对于初学者至关重要： 1. **数据库安装与配置**：首先，你需要了解如何在不同操作系统平台上安装Oracle Database 11G，包括选择适当的安装类型（如企业版或标准版）、配置数据库实例和创建数据库。 2. **SQL基础**：Oracle数据库使用结构化查询语言（SQL）进行数据操作。学习SQL的基本语法，包括数据查询、插入、更新和删除，以及如何创建、修改和删除表是必要的。 3. **PL/SQL编程**：PL/SQL是Oracle的编程语言，用于编写存储过程、函数和触发器。理解其语法结构、异常处理和流程控制语句是提高数据库管理效率的关键。 4. **数据库管理**：了解如何管理数据库的性能，包括索引的使用、分区、表空间管理和数据库备份与恢复策略。此外，学习如何监控数据库状态、分析性能瓶颈并进行调整也是重要的。 5. **安全与权限**：学习如何创建和管理用户、角色和权限，理解Oracle的访问控制机制，包括系统权限和对象权限，以及如何设置审计以确保数据安全性。 6. **数据完整性**：理解数据库的约束，如唯一性、非空性和外键约束，以及如何实施这些约束来保证数据的准确性和一致性。 7. **数据库复制与高可用性**：Oracle 11G提供了多种复制技术，如逻辑复制、物理复制等，用于实现数据的同步和故障恢复。同时，学习RAC（Real Application Clusters）和Data Guard可以帮助你构建高可用性的数据库环境。 8. **数据仓库与OLAP**：Oracle 11G支持数据仓库和在线分析处理（OLAP），学习如何构建和优化数据仓库，以及如何使用Oracle的OLAP工具进行多维数据分析。 9. **存储优化**：理解Oracle的存储结构，包括表的存储选项、块和段管理，以及如何通过压缩和分区技术优化存储。 10. **网格计算**：Oracle 11G引入了网格计算的概念，允许数据库在分布式环境中运行。学习如何利用Grid Infrastructure实现资源的共享和负载均衡。 Oracle Database 11G初学者指南将引导你逐步进入Oracle的世界，通过深入浅出的讲解和丰富的实例，帮助你在实践中掌握Oracle数据库管理的核心技能。这本书不仅适用于初学者，也对有一定经验的数据库管理员提升技术水平大有裨益。

Introduction

he release of Oracle Database 11g is one that comes with much

anticipation. We are at a time when data is exploding and the cost

of operations must be reduced. Oracle 11g is a release that addresses

many of these concerns and provides a database that can help

organizations move forward without boundaries. With the release of

Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide, we bring back together the Abramson,

Abbey, and Corey team that has been writing these books for over 13 years. That

time slice is pale compared to the length of time the Oracle database software has

been embracing the information highway. Recently Oracle celebrated its 30th

anniversary with the customary hoopla and fanfare…justifiably so.

One cannot rub shoulders with fellow information technologists without experiencing

Oracle’s technology, and quite a piece of technology it is! In the beginning, there was a

database, and then came development tools. The Oracle product line added components

at an ever more accelerating rate. This book is all about the foundation underneath just

about everything running the Oracle technology stack—the database. Regardless of what

corner of the technology you work with, being familiar with the underpinnings of the

database technology makes you a better practitioner.

Where has Oracle been, and where is it going? The former question is not that hard

to answer, the latter a mystery until it unfolds. In 1979 we saw the first commercial SQL

RDBMS offering from a new company in Redwood Shores, California—Software

Development Laboratories. Close to two years later, the company morphed into

Relational Software, Inc. in Menlo Park, not far from its origin. The VAX hardware

platform was the initial home of the database offering. The rest of the story of this

company, now known as Oracle Corporation, is revolutionary—all the way from the

first read-consistent database (1984), through its first full suite of applications (1992),

to the first web database offering (1997). The calendar year 2000 saw the first Internet

development suite, followed not long thereafter by the release of Enterprise Grid

computing with Database 10g in 2003. The acquisitions path emerged strongly in

2004 with the purchase of PeopleSoft, and it did not stop there. Significant technology

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Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide

acquisitions are now common for this software giant, with Stellent Inc., Hyperion

Solutions Corporation, and, more recently, BEA Systems. As of the publication date of

this book, Oracle has acquired over 40 companies, making their products a significant

component of its growth strategy.

The database will always be the backbone of Oracle’s product line—hence the

fifth release of this successful suite of works: Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s

Guide. What many people find so fascinating about the Oracle technology stack

is how you can bury yourself in such a small part of the database offering. The part

that you are familiar with compared to the complete technology stack can be likened

to a little itty-bitty street corner compared to the network of intersections in a

thriving urban metropolis. Many of us live and breathe our piece of the database

technology, never having the opportunity to experience the features and functionality

leveraged elsewhere. That is why we wrote this Beginner’s Guide. Our main audience

is just that, the beginner, but there are also chapters in this book that cater to the

information needs of seasoned veterans with the technology.

In the earliest days of the Beginner’s Guide, we continually heard two dramatically

opposing opinions about the same thing. On one hand, some people said “One

thing I really like about the Oracle database software is that it’s so easy to tune”; on

the other hand, some claimed “One thing I really hate the Oracle database software

is that it’s so hard to tune.” Exactly where you align yourself as you get further and

further into this book remains to be seen; suffice it to say, the material covered in

Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide will help you make more informed

decisions and adopt better best practices now and in the future. Oracle Database

is a powerful tool, and this book will be your first step toward empowerment and

your future of becoming an Oracle expert.

This book features the following elements, which enable you to check your

progress and understanding of the concepts and details of the product:

■ Critical Skills listed at the beginning of each chapter highlight what you will

learn by the end of the chapter.

■ Step-by-step Projects reinforce the concepts and skills learned in each

chapter, enabling you to apply your newly acquired knowledge and skills

immediately.

■ Ask the Expert questions and answers appear throughout the chapters to

make the subject more interactive and personal.

■ Progress Checks are quick, numbered self-assessment sections where you

can easily check your progress by answering questions and getting immediate

feedback with the provided answers.

■ Mastery Checks at the end of each chapter test proficiency in concepts

and technology details covered in the chapter through multiple-choice,

fill-in-the blank, true/false, and short-answer questions.

This book introduces you to many aspects of the Oracle database software.

Chapter 1 starts with the concept of a database and how Oracle is structured so

that you understand the fundamentals. Chapter 2 covers installing the software that

you are going to need to try things out. We have provided a step-by-step guide to

installing the software on Linux, but if you wish to install it on another platform, this

chapter will help you understand the choices that you need to make when installing

the database.

Once your database is installed, you will need to communicate with it; in order

to do this, you may need to install Oracle client software to access the database.

Chapter 3 on connecting to Oracle will guide you through the tasks that can often

be complex, but we provide information on how to keep it simple.

Once the database is installed and you can communicate with it, you need to

speak the languages that the database understands. We provide you with a solid

introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) in Chapter 4, as well as Oracle’s

own programming language, PL/SQL, in Chapter 5. These two chapters will help

you create robust interactions with the database to get data into and out of your

database.

The administration of the Oracle database is largely a function of the people who

work closely with Oracle’s software. Thus, we provide you with a deep introduction

to these functions and features. In Chapter 6 we will show you what database

administrators (DBAs) do on a daily, weekly, and other basis. In Chapter 7 we

provide guidance on how to do backups and, in case things really go wrong with

your database, how to restore your old database.

Oracle 11g has many features that are at the leading edge of technology, and

Oracle Rapid Application Clusters (RAC) and Automatic Storage Management (ASM)

are important technology in the order to support the high-availability needs of

today’s applications. Take time in Chapter 8 to become familiar with all of this

technology to ensure that you understand how today’s databases are deployed and

optimized for performance and availability.

Finally, in Chapter 9 we discuss features that apply to large databases. As you

will learn or are already aware, databases are growing at an exponential rate. We

need to use the facilities of the database that address this growth and ensure that we

optimize the investment an organization makes in its Oracle software. This book

closes by discussing many of the features that will become everyday necessities in

your Oracle job.

There is one thing you must keep in mind as you travel around the pages of this

book: Oracle Database 11g is a complex product with many, many more features

and facilities than we can discuss here. We have chosen topics based on our own

experiences of what Oracle customers use 90% of the time, but realize that this is

just the start of a very interesting journey. As we say, “You have to start

somewhere.”

Oracle Database is an exciting product, and one that will provide you with

limitless chances to learn more about it. This book is one of your first steps; we

hope you take from it the curiosity to dig deeper into the topics.

Introduction

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