CakePHP 2.x 手册：入门与教程

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"这是一份关于 CakePHP 2.x 版本的离线手册，包含了详细的框架使用指南和 Blog 教程，适用于开发者在没有网络连接的情况下查阅和学习 CakePHP 的基本操作和高级功能。" CakePHP 是一个基于 Model-View-Controller (MVC) 设计模式的开源 PHP 框架，它简化了 Web 应用程序的开发过程，提供了丰富的功能和优秀的性能。这份 CakePHP 2.x 的手册包括了多个章节，涵盖了从安装到实际应用的全过程。 1. **Getting Started**：这部分介绍了如何开始使用 CakePHP，包括配置数据库、设置 mod_rewrite 以及可选的配置，帮助新手快速上手。 2. **Blog Tutorial**：教程通过创建一个博客应用来演示 CakePHP 的核心功能，如创建数据模型、控制器、视图，以及数据验证、编辑和删除操作。此外，还涉及到了路由设置，帮助开发者理解如何组织和定向请求。 3. **Installation**：详述了 CakePHP 的系统需求、许可协议，以及下载、权限设置、开发和生产环境的安装步骤。还包括了针对特定服务器的高级配置指南，确保框架能够正确无误地运行。 4. **CakePHP Overview**：这部分介绍了 CakePHP 是什么，为何选择它，并概述了 MVC 架构的概念。还提供了获取帮助的途径，方便开发者在遇到问题时得到支持。 5. **Controllers**：详细讲解了控制器的运作，包括 AppController、请求参数、动作、请求生命周期回调、控制器方法和属性，以及更多关于控制器使用的深入知识。 6. **Views**：视图部分主要讨论了视图模板的使用，如何创建视图块以进行复用，以及布局的构建，这些都极大地提高了视图的组织和设计效率。 7. **Models, Database Access & ORM**：尽管未在摘要中提及，但通常 CakePHP 的模型层会包含数据模型的创建、数据库访问对象（DAO）和对象关系映射（ORM），允许开发者以面向对象的方式与数据库交互，执行查询和操作数据。 8. **Helpers and Components**：手册可能还会涵盖助手（Helpers）和组件（Components），这些是 CakePHP 提供的工具，用于增强视图功能或实现可重用的代码模块。 9. **Routing**：路由机制允许开发者自定义 URL 结构，使得应用程序的 URL 更加友好且易于理解。 10. **Security**： CakePHP 提供的安全特性，如防止跨站脚本攻击（XSS）、SQL 注入等，对于开发安全的 Web 应用至关重要。 11. **Error Handling & Debugging**：错误处理和调试技巧可以帮助开发者识别并修复代码中的问题。 12. **Testing**：单元测试和集成测试的实现，确保代码的质量和应用程序的稳定性。通过这份手册，开发者不仅可以学习到 CakePHP 的基本操作，还能深入了解其高级特性和最佳实践，从而高效地利用 CakePHP 开发高质量的 Web 应用。

CakePHP Cookbook Documentation, Release 2.x

<?php

class PostsController extends AppController {

public $helpers = array(’Html’, ’Form’);

}

Now, lets add an action to our controller. Actions often represent a single function or interface in an

application. For example, when users request www.example.com/posts/index (which is also the same as

www.example.com/posts/), they might expect to see a listing of posts. The code for that action would look

something like this:

<?php

class PostsController extends AppController {

public $helpers = array(’Html’, ’Form’);

public function index() {

$this->set(’posts’, $this->Post->find(’all’));

}

Let me explain the action a bit. By deﬁning function index() in our PostsController, users can now access

the logic there by requesting www.example.com/posts/index. Similarly, if we were to deﬁne a function

called foobar(), users would be able to access that at www.example.com/posts/foobar.

Warning: You may be tempted to name your controllers and actions a certain way to obtain a certain

URL. Resist that temptation. Follow CakePHP conventions (plural controller names, etc.) and create

readable, understandable action names. You can map URLs to your code using “routes” covered later

on.

The single instruction in the action uses set() to pass data from the controller to the view (which we’ll

create next). The line sets the view variable called ‘posts’ equal to the return value of the find(’all’)

method of the Post model. Our Post model is automatically available at $this->Post because we’ve

followed Cake’s naming conventions.

To learn more about Cake’s controllers, check out Controllers chapter.

Creating Post Views

Now that we have our data ﬂowing to our model, and our application logic and ﬂow deﬁned by our controller,

let’s create a view for the index action we created above.

Cake views are just presentation-ﬂavored fragments that ﬁt inside an application’s layout. For most applica-

tions they’re HTML mixed with PHP, but they may end up as XML, CSV, or even binary data.

Layouts are presentation code that is wrapped around a view, and can be deﬁned and switched between, but

for now, let’s just use the default.

Remember in the last section how we assigned the ‘posts’ variable to the view using the set() method?

That would hand down data to the view that would look something like this:

10 Chapter 3. Blog Tutorial - Adding a layer

CakePHP Cookbook Documentation, Release 2.x

<?php foreach ($posts as $post): ?>

<tr>

<td>

<?php echo $this->Html->link($post[’Post’][’title’],

array(’controller’ => ’posts’, ’action’ => ’view’, $post[’Post’][’id’])); ?>

</td>

</tr>

<?php endforeach; ?>

</table>

Hopefully this should look somewhat simple.

You might have noticed the use of an object called $this->Html. This is an instance of the CakePHP

HtmlHelper class. CakePHP comes with a set of view helpers that make things like linking, form output,

JavaScript and Ajax a snap. You can learn more about how to use them in Helpers, but what’s important to

note here is that the link() method will generate an HTML link with the given title (the ﬁrst parameter)

and URL (the second parameter).

When specifying URLs in Cake, it is recommended that you use the array format. This is explained in more

detail in the section on Routes. Using the array format for URLs allows you to take advantage of CakePHP’s

reverse routing capabilities. You can also specify URLs relative to the base of the application in the form of

/controller/action/param1/param2.

At this point, you should be able to point your browser to http://www.example.com/posts/index. You should

see your view, correctly formatted with the title and table listing of the posts.

If you happened to have clicked on one of the links we created in this view (that link a post’s title to a URL

/posts/view/some_id), you were probably informed by CakePHP that the action hasn’t yet been deﬁned. If

you were not so informed, either something has gone wrong, or you actually did deﬁne it already, in which

case you are very sneaky. Otherwise, we’ll create it in the PostsController now:

<?php

class PostsController extends AppController {

public $helpers = array(’Html’, ’Form’);

public function index() {

$this->set(’posts’, $this->Post->find(’all’));

}

public function view($id = null) {

$this->Post->id = $id;

$this->set(’post’, $this->Post->read());

}

The set() call should look familiar. Notice we’re using read() rather than find(’all’) because we

only really want a single post’s information.

Notice that our view action takes a parameter: the ID of the post we’d like to see. This parameter is handed

12 Chapter 3. Blog Tutorial - Adding a layer

CakePHP Cookbook Documentation, Release 2.x

Here’s what the add() action does: if HTTP method of the request was POST, try to save the data using

the Post model. If for some reason it doesn’t save, just render the view. This gives us a chance to show the

user validation errors or other warnings.

Every CakePHP request includes a CakeRequest object which is accessible using $this->request.

The request object contains useful information regarding the request that was just received, and can be used

to control the ﬂow of your application. In this case, we use the CakeRequest::is() method to check

that the request is a HTTP POST request.

When a user uses a form to POST data to your application, that information is available in

$this->request->data. You can use the pr() or debug() functions to print it out if you want

to see what it looks like.

We use the SessionComponent’s SessionComponent::setFlash() method to set a message

to a session variable to be displayed on the page after redirection. In the layout we have

SessionHelper::flash which displays the message and clears the corresponding session vari-

able. The controller’s Controller::redirect function redirects to another URL. The param

array(’action’ => ’index’) translates to URL /posts i.e the index action of posts controller. You

can refer to Router::url() function on the api to see the formats in which you can specify a URL for

various cake functions.

Calling the save() method will check for validation errors and abort the save if any occur. We’ll discuss

how those errors are handled in the following sections.

Data Validation

Cake goes a long way in taking the monotony out of form input validation. Everyone hates coding up endless

forms and their validation routines. CakePHP makes it easier and faster.

To take advantage of the validation features, you’ll need to use Cake’s FormHelper in your views. The

FormHelper is available by default to all views at $this->Form.

Here’s our add view:

<?php

echo $this->Form->create(’Post’);

echo $this->Form->input(’title’);

echo $this->Form->input(’body’, array(’rows’ => ’3’));

echo $this->Form->end(’Save Post’);

Here, we use the FormHelper to generate the opening tag for an HTML form. Here’s the HTML that

$this->Form->create() generates:

14 Chapter 3. Blog Tutorial - Adding a layer

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