Perl编程入门指南（第六版）

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"Perl 语言入门（第6版）" Perl是一种功能强大的脚本编程语言，以其灵活、可扩展性及处理文本数据的能力而闻名。本书《Learning Perl》第六版是Perl初学者的理想教程，由Randal L. Schwartz、brian D. Foy和Tom Phoenix三位专家共同撰写，旨在帮助读者快速掌握Perl的基础知识和实际应用。 Perl 语言入门第六版涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **基础语法**：包括变量声明、数据类型（如标量、数组、哈希）、流程控制语句（如if-else、for、while循环）、函数的使用等。 2. **正则表达式**：Perl对正则表达式的支持非常强大，书中会详细介绍如何匹配、替换和分割字符串，以及高级的正则表达式技术。 3. **文件操作**：学习如何读写文件、处理文件指针、打开/关闭文件，以及文件和目录的管理。 4. **模块与CPAN**：Perl的模块系统允许程序员重用代码，书中会介绍如何使用CPAN（Comprehensive Perl Archive Network）来查找和安装模块。 5. **面向对象编程**：Perl也支持面向对象编程，包括类的定义、继承、方法等概念。 6. **错误处理和调试**：如何有效地捕获和处理程序运行时的错误，以及调试Perl脚本的方法。 7. **文本处理**：Perl在处理文本数据方面表现出色，书中会讲解各种文本处理技巧，如字符串操作、模式匹配等。 8. **网络编程**：学习如何使用Perl进行网络通信，包括HTTP、FTP等协议的处理。 9. **系统交互**：使用Perl调用系统命令，处理进程和信号，以及系统资源的管理。 10. **高级主题**：包括子程序（subroutine）的编写、引用和复合数据结构的深入使用、模块的编写等。此书适合有一定编程基础，希望快速入门Perl的读者。通过阅读这本书，读者可以了解Perl的基本概念，掌握其核心特性，并能编写简单的Perl程序。此外，第六版还反映了Perl语言的最新发展，包括语法的改进和新功能的引入。《Learning Perl》第六版的出版历史跨越了近20年，每次更新都反映了Perl语言的发展和社区的变化，确保读者能够获得最新的知识和最佳实践。此书不仅适合个人自学，也适合作为教学和企业培训的教材，是Perl初学者不可多得的参考资料。

successfully picking up Learning Perl and grasping Perl as their first programming lan-

guage, of course we can’t promise the same results for everyone.

Typographical Conventions

The following font conventions are used in this book:

Constant width

is used for method names, function names, variables, and attributes. It is also used

for code examples.

Constant width bold

is used to indicate user input.

Constant width italic

is used to indicate a replaceable item in code (e.g., filename, where you are sup-

posed to substitute an actual filename).

Italic

is used for filenames, URLs, hostnames, commands in text, important words on

first mention, and emphasis.

Footnotes

are used to attach parenthetical notes that you should not read on your first (or

perhaps second or third) reading of this book. Sometimes lies are spoken to simplify

the presentation, and the footnotes restore the lie to truth. Often the material in

the footnote will be advanced material not even mentioned anywhere else in the

book.

[2]

at the start of an exercise’s text represents our (very rough) estimate of how many

minutes you can expect to spend on that particular exercise.

Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. You are invited to copy the code in

the book and adapt it for your own needs. Rather than copying by hand, however, we

encourage you to download the code from http://www.learning-perl.com.

In general, you may use the code in this book in your programs and documentation.

You do not need to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant

portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code

from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of ex-

amples from O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing

this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a sig-

nificant amount of example code from this book into your product’s documentation

does require permission.

xiv | Preface

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,

authors, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Learning Perl, 6th edition, by Randal L.

Schwartz, brian d foy, and Tom Phoenix, 978-1-449-30358-7.” If you feel your use of

code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to contact

us at permissions@oreilly.com

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How to Contact Us

We have tested and verified all the information in this book to the best of our abilities,

but you may find that features have changed or that we have let errors slip through the

production of the book. Please let us know of any errors that you find, as well as sug-

gestions for future editions, by writing to:

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We have a web page for the book, where we’ll list examples, errata, and any additional

information. It also offers a downloadable set of text files (and a couple of Perl pro-

grams) that are useful, but not required, when doing some of the exercises. You can

access this page at:

http://www.learning-perl.com

Preface | xv

or go to the O’Reilly page at:

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To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to:

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History of This Book

For the curious, here’s how Randal tells the story of how this book came about:

After I had finished the first Programming perl book with Larry Wall (in 1991), I was

approached by Taos Mountain Software in Silicon Valley to produce a training course.

This included having me deliver the first dozen or so courses and train their staff to

continue offering the course. I wrote the course for them

and delivered it for them as

promised.

On the third or fourth delivery of that course (in late 1991), someone came up to me

and said, “You know, I really like Programming perl, but the way the material is pre-

sented in this course is so much easier to follow—you oughta write a book like this

course.” It sounded like an opportunity to me, so I started thinking about it.

I wrote to Tim O’Reilly with a proposal based on an outline that was similar to the

course I was presenting for Taos—although I had rearranged and modified a few of the

chapters based on observations in the classroom. I think that was my fastest proposal

acceptance in history—I got a message from Tim within fifteen minutes, saying “We’ve

been waiting for you to pitch a second book—Programming perl is selling like gang-

busters.” That started the effort over the next 18 months to finish the first edition of

Learning Perl.

During that time, I was starting to see an opportunity to teach Perl classes outside

Silicon Valley,

†

so I created a class based on the text I was writing for Learning Perl. I

gave a dozen classes for various clients (including my primary contractor, Intel Oregon),

and used the feedback to fine-tune the book draft even further.

* In the contract, I retained the rights to the exercises, hoping someday to reuse them in some other way, like

in the magazine columns I was writing at the time. The exercises are the only things that leapt from the Taos

course to the book.

† My Taos contract had a no-compete clause, so I had to stay out of Silicon Valley with any similar courses,

which I respected for many years.

xvi | Preface

The first edition hit the streets on the first day of November 1993,

‡

and became a

smashing success, frequently even outpacing Programming perl book sales.

The back-cover jacket of the first book said “written by a leading Perl trainer.” Well,

that became a self-fulfilling prophecy. Within a few months, I was starting to get email

from all over the United States asking me to teach at their site. In the following seven

years, my company became the leading worldwide on-site Perl training company, and

I had personally racked up (literally) a million frequent-flier miles. It didn’t hurt that

the Web started taking off about then, and the webmasters and webmistresses picked

Perl as the language of choice for content management, interaction through CGI, and

maintenance.

For two years, I worked closely with Tom Phoenix in his role as lead trainer and content

manager for Stonehenge, giving him charter to experiment with the “Llama” course by

moving things around and breaking things up. When we had come up with what we

thought was the best major revision of the course, I contacted O’Reilly and said, “It’s

time for a new book!” And that became the third edition.

Two years after writing the third edition of the Llama, Tom and I decided it was time

to push our follow-on “advanced” course out into the world as a book, for people

writing programs that are “100 to 10,000 lines of code.” And together we created the

first Alpaca book, released in 2003.

But fellow instructor brian d foy was just getting back from the conflict in the Gulf, and

had noticed that we could use some rewriting in both books, because our courseware

still needed to track the changing needs of the typical student. So, he pitched the idea

to O’Reilly to take on rewriting both the Llama and the Alpaca one final time before

Perl 6 (we hope). This edition of the Llama reflects those changes. brian has really been

the lead writer here, working with my occasional guidance, and has done a brilliant job

of the usual “herding cats” that a multiple-writer team generally feels like.

On December 18, 2007, the Perl 5 Porters released Perl 5.10, a significant new version

of Perl with several new features. The previous version, 5.8, had focused on the un-

derpinnings of Perl and its Unicode support. The latest version, starting from the stable

5.8 foundation, was able to add completely new features, some of which it borrowed

from the development of Perl 6 (not yet released). Some of these features, such as named

captures in regular expressions, are much better than the old ways of doing things, thus

perfect for Perl beginners. We hadn’t thought about a fifth edition of this book, but

Perl 5.10 was so much better that we couldn’t resist.

Since then, Perl has been under constant improvement and is keeping a regular release

cycle. We didn’t have a chance to update this book for Perl 5.12 because development

proceeded too quickly. We’re pleased to offer this update for Perl 5.14, and are amazed

that there’s now a sixth edition.

‡ I remember that date very well, because it was also the day I was arrested at my home for computer-related-

activities around my Intel contract, a series of felony charges for which I was later convicted.

Preface | xvii

Changes from the Previous Edition

The text is updated for the latest version, Perl 5.14, and some of the code only works

with that version. We note in the text when we are talking about a Perl 5.14 feature,

and we mark those code sections with a special use statement that ensures you’re using

the right version:

use 5.014; # this script requires Perl 5.14 or greater

If you don’t see that use 5.014 in a code example (or a similar statement with a different

version), it should work all the way back to Perl 5.8. To see which version of Perl you

have, try the -v command-line switch:

$ perl -v

Here’s some of the new features from Perl 5.14 that we cover, and where appropriate,

we still show you the old ways of doing the same thing:

• We include Unicode examples and features where appropriate. If you haven’t star-

ted playing with Unicode, we include a primer in Appendix C. You have to bite

the bullet sometime, so it might as well be now. You’ll see Unicode throughout

the book, most notably in the chapters on Scalars (Chapter 2), Input/Output

(Chapter 5), and Sorting (Chapter 14).

• There is more information in the regular expression chapters, covering the new

features from Perl 5.14 to deal with Unicode case-folding. The regular expression

operators have new /a, /u, and /l switches. We now cover matching by Unicode

properties with the \p{} and \P{} regular expression features.

• Perl 5.14 adds a nondestructive substitution operator (Chapter 9), which turns out

to be really handy.

• Smart matching and given-when has mutated a bit since their introduction in Perl

5.10, so we update Chapter 15 to cover the new rules.

• We updated and expanded Perl Modules (Chapter 11) to include the latest news,

including the zero-conf cpanm tool. We add some more module examples as well.

• Some of the items previously in Appendix B, the advanced-but-not-demonstrated

features, move into the main text. Notably, that includes the fat arrow => moving

into Hashes (Chapter 6) and splice moving into Lists and Arrays (Chapter 3).

Acknowledgments

From Randal

I want to thank the Stonehenge trainers past and present (Joseph Hall, Tom Phoenix,

Chip Salzenberg, brian d foy, and Tad McClellan) for their willingness to go out and

teach in front of classrooms week after week and to come back with their notes about

xviii | Preface

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