自动化控制利器：PLC毕业设计外文文献翻译解析
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"《可编程逻辑控制器 -- 毕业论文设计外文文献翻译》是一篇关于自动化领域的重要研究文档，主要关注的是PLC（Programmable Logic Controller，可编程逻辑控制器）的设计与应用。PLC是一种专为工业过程控制设计的数字计算机，其核心功能在于自动执行机械或电气设备的操作，广泛应用于汽车制造业、娱乐设施、包装设备以及半导体制造等众多行业中的设备控制。
PLC的主要特点包括其专门针对工厂环境设计，具备处理多输入多输出（MIMO）的能力，这使得它们能够同时监控和控制多个输入信号，并根据这些信号驱动相应的输出设备。它们通常具有宽广的工作温度范围，能够在恶劣环境下稳定运行，且对电气噪声有良好的抗干扰能力，确保在震动和冲击环境下仍能可靠工作。
不同于通用计算机，PLC的程序存储在电池备份或非易失性内存中，以实现真正的实时系统特性。这意味着PLC必须在限定的时间内响应输入条件，输出结果，否则可能导致意外的操作。这种实时性对于工业过程控制至关重要，它确保了系统的精确性和效率。
控制面板通常包含PLC，如所示图例中的灰色单元，包括电源供应、控制器和用于输入输出的继电器模块。PLC的结构紧凑且模块化，可以根据具体应用需求进行扩展，灵活性极高。
这篇毕业论文设计外文文献翻译深入探讨了PLC的设计原理、技术特性及其在现代工业自动化中的作用，对于理解PLC在工业4.0时代的关键角色和未来发展有着重要的参考价值。通过阅读和翻译这样的文献，学生可以深化对可编程逻辑控制器的理解，并为实际工程项目提供理论支持和技术指导。"
For high volume or very simple fixed automation tasks, different techniques are
used. For example, a consumer dishwasher would be controlled by an
electromechanical cam timer costing only a few dollars in production quantities.
A microcontroller-based design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands
of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies and
input/output hardware) can be spread over many sales, and where the end-user would
not need to alter the control. Automotive applications are an example; millions of
units are built each year, and very few end-users alter the programming of these
controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit busses economically use
PLCs instead of custom-designed controls, because the volumes are low and the
development cost would be uneconomic.
Very complex process control, such as used in the chemical industry, may require
algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even high-performance PLCs.
Very high-speed or precision controls may also require customized solutions; for
example, aircraft flight controls.
Programmable controllers are widely used in motion control, positioning control
and torque control. Some manufacturers produce motion control units to be integrated
with PLC so that G-code (involving a CNC machine) can be used to instruct machine
movements. [1]
PLCs may include logic for single-variable feedback analog control loop, a
"proportional, integral, derivative" or "PID controller." A PID loop could be used to
control the temperature of a manufacturing process, for example. Historically PLCs
were usually configured with only a few analog control loops; where processes
required hundreds or thousands of loops, a distributed control system (DCS) would
instead be used. However, as PLCs have become more powerful, the boundary
between DCS and PLC applications has become less clear-cut.
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