PostgreSQL 9.6官方技术文档详解

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30.3. Asynchronous Commit.........................................................................................713

30.4. WAL Conﬁguration .............................................................................................. 715

30.5. WAL Internals ......................................................................................................718

31. Regression Tests................................................................................................................719

31.1. Running the Tests ................................................................................................. 719

31.1.1. Running the Tests Against a Temporary Installation ...............................719

31.1.2. Running the Tests Against an Existing Installation ................................. 719

31.1.3. Additional Test Suites..............................................................................720

31.1.4. Locale and Encoding................................................................................720

31.1.5. Extra Tests................................................................................................721

31.1.6. Testing Hot Standby.................................................................................721

31.2. Test Evaluation ..................................................................................................... 722

31.2.1. Error Message Differences.......................................................................722

31.2.2. Locale Differences................................................................................... 722

31.2.3. Date and Time Differences ...................................................................... 723

31.2.4. Floating-Point Differences.......................................................................723

31.2.5. Row Ordering Differences ....................................................................... 723

31.2.6. Insufﬁcient Stack Depth...........................................................................724

31.2.7. The “random” Test...................................................................................724

31.2.8. Conﬁguration Parameters.........................................................................724

31.3. Variant Comparison Files ..................................................................................... 724

31.4. TAP Tests.............................................................................................................. 725

31.5. Test Coverage Examination..................................................................................726

IV. Client Interfaces ....................................................................................................................... 727

32. libpq - C Library ...............................................................................................................729

32.1. Database Connection Control Functions..............................................................729

32.1.1. Connection Strings...................................................................................735

32.1.1.1. Keyword/Value Connection Strings ............................................735

32.1.1.2. Connection URIs.........................................................................735

32.1.2. Parameter Key Words .............................................................................. 736

32.2. Connection Status Functions ................................................................................ 740

32.3. Command Execution Functions ...........................................................................745

32.3.1. Main Functions ........................................................................................ 745

32.3.2. Retrieving Query Result Information ...................................................... 752

32.3.3. Retrieving Other Result Information .......................................................756

32.3.4. Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands .................................757

32.4. Asynchronous Command Processing...................................................................759

32.5. Retrieving Query Results Row-By-Row .............................................................. 763

32.6. Canceling Queries in Progress.............................................................................. 764

32.7. The Fast-Path Interface.........................................................................................765

32.8. Asynchronous Notiﬁcation...................................................................................766

32.9. Functions Associated with the COPY Command ..................................................767

32.9.1. Functions for Sending COPY Data............................................................768

32.9.2. Functions for Receiving COPY Data.........................................................769

32.9.3. Obsolete Functions for COPY ...................................................................769

32.10. Control Functions ............................................................................................... 771

32.11. Miscellaneous Functions ....................................................................................773

32.12. Notice Processing ............................................................................................... 775

32.13. Event System...................................................................................................... 776

32.13.1. Event Types............................................................................................ 776

32.13.2. Event Callback Procedure......................................................................778

xvi

32.13.3. Event Support Functions........................................................................779

32.13.4. Event Example....................................................................................... 780

32.14. Environment Variables .......................................................................................782

32.15. The Password File ..............................................................................................784

32.16. The Connection Service File ..............................................................................784

32.17. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters..........................................................785

32.18. SSL Support........................................................................................................786

32.18.1. Client Veriﬁcation of Server Certiﬁcates ............................................... 786

32.18.2. Client Certiﬁcates...................................................................................787

32.18.3. Protection Provided in Different Modes ................................................787

32.18.4. SSL Client File Usage............................................................................789

32.18.5. SSL Library Initialization ......................................................................789

32.19. Behavior in Threaded Programs.........................................................................790

32.20. Building libpq Programs.....................................................................................791

32.21. Example Programs.............................................................................................. 792

33. Large Objects ....................................................................................................................802

33.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................802

33.2. Implementation Features ......................................................................................802

33.3. Client Interfaces.................................................................................................... 802

33.3.1. Creating a Large Object........................................................................... 803

33.3.2. Importing a Large Object.........................................................................803

33.3.3. Exporting a Large Object.........................................................................804

33.3.4. Opening an Existing Large Object...........................................................804

33.3.5. Writing Data to a Large Object................................................................804

33.3.6. Reading Data from a Large Object ..........................................................805

33.3.7. Seeking in a Large Object........................................................................805

33.3.8. Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object........................................805

33.3.9. Truncating a Large Object ....................................................................... 806

33.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor ........................................................806

33.3.11. Removing a Large Object ......................................................................806

33.4. Server-side Functions ...........................................................................................807

33.5. Example Program ................................................................................................. 808

34. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C............................................................................................814

34.1. The Concept.......................................................................................................... 814

34.2. Managing Database Connections .........................................................................814

34.2.1. Connecting to the Database Server.......................................................... 814

34.2.2. Choosing a Connection............................................................................ 816

34.2.3. Closing a Connection...............................................................................817

34.3. Running SQL Commands.....................................................................................817

34.3.1. Executing SQL Statements ......................................................................817

34.3.2. Using Cursors...........................................................................................818

34.3.3. Managing Transactions............................................................................ 819

34.3.4. Prepared Statements.................................................................................819

34.4. Using Host Variables ............................................................................................820

34.4.1. Overview..................................................................................................820

34.4.2. Declare Sections.......................................................................................821

34.4.3. Retrieving Query Results.........................................................................821

34.4.4. Type Mapping ..........................................................................................822

34.4.4.1. Handling Character Strings ......................................................... 823

34.4.4.2. Accessing Special Data Types..................................................... 823

34.4.4.2.1. timestamp, date............................................................... 824

34.4.4.2.2. interval ............................................................................ 824

xvii

34.4.4.2.3. numeric, decimal.............................................................825

34.4.4.3. Host Variables with Nonprimitive Types .................................... 826

34.4.4.3.1. Arrays .............................................................................826

34.4.4.3.2. Structures ........................................................................ 827

34.4.4.3.3. Typedefs..........................................................................828

34.4.4.3.4. Pointers ...........................................................................829

34.4.5. Handling Nonprimitive SQL Data Types.................................................829

34.4.5.1. Arrays..........................................................................................829

34.4.5.2. Composite Types .........................................................................831

34.4.5.3. User-deﬁned Base Types .............................................................833

34.4.6. Indicators..................................................................................................834

34.5. Dynamic SQL.......................................................................................................834

34.5.1. Executing Statements without a Result Set ............................................. 834

34.5.2. Executing a Statement with Input Parameters ......................................... 835

34.5.3. Executing a Statement with a Result Set ................................................. 835

34.6. pgtypes Library.....................................................................................................836

34.6.1. Character Strings......................................................................................837

34.6.2. The numeric Type ....................................................................................837

34.6.3. The date Type........................................................................................... 839

34.6.4. The timestamp Type................................................................................. 843

34.6.5. The interval Type .....................................................................................846

34.6.6. The decimal Type..................................................................................... 847

34.6.7. errno Values of pgtypeslib .......................................................................847

34.6.8. Special Constants of pgtypeslib............................................................... 848

34.7. Using Descriptor Areas ........................................................................................849

34.7.1. Named SQL Descriptor Areas .................................................................849

34.7.2. SQLDA Descriptor Areas ........................................................................851

34.7.2.1. SQLDA Data Structure................................................................852

34.7.2.1.1. sqlda_t Structure ............................................................. 852

34.7.2.1.2. sqlvar_t Structure............................................................ 853

34.7.2.1.3. struct sqlname Structure .................................................853

34.7.2.2. Retrieving a Result Set Using an SQLDA ..................................854

34.7.2.3. Passing Query Parameters Using an SQLDA..............................855

34.7.2.4. A Sample Application Using SQLDA ........................................856

34.8. Error Handling...................................................................................................... 862

34.8.1. Setting Callbacks ..................................................................................... 862

34.8.2. sqlca ......................................................................................................... 864

34.8.3. SQLSTATE vs. SQLCODE........................................................................... 865

34.9. Preprocessor Directives ........................................................................................ 869

34.9.1. Including Files ......................................................................................... 869

34.9.2. The deﬁne and undef Directives .............................................................. 869

34.9.3. ifdef, ifndef, else, elif, and endif Directives.............................................870

34.10. Processing Embedded SQL Programs................................................................ 871

34.11. Library Functions ...............................................................................................872

34.12. Large Objects...................................................................................................... 872

34.13. C++ Applications ...............................................................................................874

34.13.1. Scope for Host Variables........................................................................874

34.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module ......................876

34.14. Embedded SQL Commands ...............................................................................878

ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR ...............................................................................878

CONNECT...........................................................................................................880

DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR .......................................................................... 883

xviii

DECLARE ...........................................................................................................884

DESCRIBE ..........................................................................................................886

DISCONNECT ....................................................................................................887

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE....................................................................................889

GET DESCRIPTOR ............................................................................................ 890

OPEN ...................................................................................................................893

PREPARE ............................................................................................................895

SET AUTOCOMMIT .......................................................................................... 896

SET CONNECTION ........................................................................................... 897

SET DESCRIPTOR............................................................................................. 898

TYPE....................................................................................................................900

VAR...................................................................................................................... 902

WHENEVER .......................................................................................................903

34.15. Informix Compatibility Mode ............................................................................905

34.15.1. Additional Types....................................................................................905

34.15.2. Additional/Missing Embedded SQL Statements ...................................905

34.15.3. Informix-compatible SQLDA Descriptor Areas....................................906

34.15.4. Additional Functions..............................................................................909

34.15.5. Additional Constants..............................................................................917

34.16. Internals .............................................................................................................. 918

35. The Information Schema...................................................................................................921

35.1. The Schema ..........................................................................................................921

35.2. Data Types ............................................................................................................921

35.3. information_schema_catalog_name ...........................................................922

35.4. administrable_role_authorizations.......................................................922

35.5. applicable_roles............................................................................................922

35.6. attributes.........................................................................................................923

35.7. character_sets................................................................................................927

35.8. check_constraint_routine_usage .............................................................928

35.9. check_constraints ......................................................................................... 928

35.10. collations.......................................................................................................929

35.11. collation_character_set_applicability ............................................929

35.12. column_domain_usage ...................................................................................930

35.13. column_options..............................................................................................930

35.14. column_privileges ....................................................................................... 931

35.15. column_udt_usage..........................................................................................931

35.16. columns ............................................................................................................. 932

35.17. constraint_column_usage .......................................................................... 937

35.18. constraint_table_usage............................................................................. 938

35.19. data_type_privileges.................................................................................938

35.20. domain_constraints .....................................................................................939

35.21. domain_udt_usage..........................................................................................940

35.22. domains ............................................................................................................. 940

35.23. element_types ................................................................................................943

35.24. enabled_roles ................................................................................................946

35.25. foreign_data_wrapper_options................................................................947

35.26. foreign_data_wrappers...............................................................................947

35.27. foreign_server_options............................................................................. 947

35.28. foreign_servers............................................................................................948

35.29. foreign_table_options...............................................................................948

35.30. foreign_tables..............................................................................................949

35.31. key_column_usage..........................................................................................949

xix

35.32. parameters.......................................................................................................950

35.33. referential_constraints .......................................................................... 953

35.34. role_column_grants .....................................................................................954

35.35. role_routine_grants ...................................................................................954

35.36. role_table_grants ....................................................................................... 955

35.37. role_udt_grants............................................................................................956

35.38. role_usage_grants ....................................................................................... 956

35.39. routine_privileges .....................................................................................957

35.40. routines...........................................................................................................958

35.41. schemata...........................................................................................................964

35.42. sequences.........................................................................................................964

35.43. sql_features ..................................................................................................965

35.44. sql_implementation_info .......................................................................... 966

35.45. sql_languages ................................................................................................967

35.46. sql_packages ..................................................................................................967

35.47. sql_parts.........................................................................................................968

35.48. sql_sizing.......................................................................................................968

35.49. sql_sizing_profiles ...................................................................................969

35.50. table_constraints ....................................................................................... 969

35.51. table_privileges..........................................................................................970

35.52. tables ...............................................................................................................971

35.53. transforms.......................................................................................................972

35.54. triggered_update_columns ........................................................................ 973

35.55. triggers...........................................................................................................973

35.56. udt_privileges..............................................................................................975

35.57. usage_privileges..........................................................................................975

35.58. user_defined_types .....................................................................................976

35.59. user_mapping_options.................................................................................978

35.60. user_mappings ................................................................................................978

35.61. view_column_usage ....................................................................................... 979

35.62. view_routine_usage .....................................................................................980

35.63. view_table_usage..........................................................................................980

35.64. views .................................................................................................................981

V. Server Programming ................................................................................................................. 983

36. Extending SQL..................................................................................................................985

36.1. How Extensibility Works......................................................................................985

36.2. The PostgreSQL Type System..............................................................................985

36.2.1. Base Types ...............................................................................................985

36.2.2. Composite Types...................................................................................... 985

36.2.3. Domains ...................................................................................................986

36.2.4. Pseudo-Types ...........................................................................................986

36.2.5. Polymorphic Types ..................................................................................986

36.3. User-deﬁned Functions.........................................................................................987

36.4. Query Language (SQL) Functions .......................................................................987

36.4.1. Arguments for SQL Functions.................................................................988

36.4.2. SQL Functions on Base Types.................................................................989

36.4.3. SQL Functions on Composite Types .......................................................991

36.4.4. SQL Functions with Output Parameters ..................................................993

36.4.5. SQL Functions with Variable Numbers of Arguments............................994

36.4.6. SQL Functions with Default Values for Arguments................................995

36.4.7. SQL Functions as Table Sources .............................................................996

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PostgreSQL 9.6官方技术文档详解

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