TCL命令语言入门教程

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"这是一本关于TCL命令控制语言的入门教材，名为《Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk》，由Brent Welch撰写。该教材适用于初学者，提供了TCL语言的基本特性和使用的详细介绍。尽管这份资源是草案版本，可能缺少完整章节和索引，但仍然可以作为学习TCL的参考资料。完整的出版版书籍可以通过Prentice Hall获取，ISBN号为0-13-182007-9，作者鼓励读者通过电子邮件向welch@acm.org提供反馈。此外，此在线草案可以在网络上找到，仅供个人使用。" 在《Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk》中，作者涵盖了TCL的基础知识，包括以下几个方面： 1. **Tcl Fundamentals**：这部分介绍了如何开始使用TCL，以及TCL的基础概念。 2. **Getting Started**：从简单的启动步骤开始，引导读者快速进入TCL的世界。 3. **Tcl Commands**：详细阐述了TCL中的命令，这是理解TCL编程的关键。 4. **Hello World**：展示了经典的“Hello World”程序，帮助读者初步了解TCL程序的编写。 5. **Variables**：讨论了变量的使用，这是存储和处理数据的基础。 6. **Command Substitution**：解释了命令替换的概念，允许将命令的输出用于其他命令。 7. **Math Expressions**：介绍如何在TCL中执行数学运算。 8. **Backslash Substitution**：讲述了反斜杠(\)在字符串中的转义作用。 9. **Double Quotes**：说明双引号如何影响字符串的解析。 10. **Procedures**：引入了过程(procedure)，这是TCL中实现代码重用的方法。 11. **A While Loop Example**：通过一个while循环的例子，展示了流程控制结构。 12. **Grouping and Command Substitution**：讲解了如何组合命令和进行命令替换。 13. **More About Variable Substitution**：深入探讨了变量替换的更多细节。 14. **Substitution and Grouping Summary**：对替换和组合规则进行了总结。 15. **Fine Points**：涵盖了一些精细的点，如注释、命令行参数等。 16. **Comments**：介绍了如何在代码中添加注释，以提高代码可读性。 17. **CommandLine Arguments**：讲解如何处理程序启动时的命令行参数。 18. **Reference**：提供了一些参考信息，如反斜杠序列、算术运算符和内置函数等。这本书的每个章节都旨在帮助读者逐步掌握TCL语言，通过实践和实例来学习其核心概念。虽然这份草案并不完整，但它仍能为初学者提供宝贵的自学资源。

xiv Chap.

Created: May 9, 1994 —bookTOC.doc—Copyright Prentice Hall—DRAFT: 1/13/95

Tcl applications ..................................................407

33. Porting to Tk 4.0 .........................................409

wish .........................................................................409

Obsolete Features ....................................................409

The cget Operation ...................................................410

Input Focus Highlight .............................................. 410

Bindings ..................................................................410

Scrollbar Interface ....................................................411

Pack info ..................................................................411

Focus ....................................................................... 411

Send ........................................................................ 412

Internal Button Padding ...........................................412

Radio Buttons ..........................................................412

Entry Widget ............................................................412

Menus ......................................................................413

Listboxes ..................................................................413

No geometry Attribute .............................................. 413

Text Widget .............................................................. 413

Canvas scrollincrement ............................................414

The Selection ...........................................................414

Color Attributes .......................................................414

The bell Command ...................................................415

List of Examples 0

10Tcl Fundamentals..........................................................................................................................................1

1.1 The “Hello, World!” example. .......................................................3

1.2 Tcl variables. ..............................................................................3

1.3 Command substitution. ..............................................................4

1.4 Simple arithmetic........................................................................5

1.5 Nested commands.......................................................................5

1.6 Built-in math functions...............................................................5

1.7 Controlling precision with tcl_precision. ......................................5

1.8 Quoting special characters with backslash..................................6

1.9 Continuing long lines with backslashes.......................................6

1.10 Grouping with double quotes allows substitutions. .....................7

1.11 Defining a procedure...................................................................8

1.12 A loop that multiplies the numbers from 1 to 10. ........................9

1.13 Embedded command and variable substitution.........................10

1.14 Embedded variable references...................................................11

20Strings and Pattern Matching ......................................................................................................................19

2.1 Comparing strings. ...................................................................21

2.2 Regular expression to parse the DISPLAY environment variable. .27

30Tcl Data Structures .....................................................................................................................................29

3.1 Using set to return a variable value...........................................30

3.2 Using info to determine if a variable exists. ..............................30

3.3 Constructing a list with the list command...............................32

3.4 Using lappend to add elements to a list. ....................................32

3.5 Using concat to splice together lists. .........................................33

3.6 Double quotes compared to the list command. ........................33

3.7 Modifying lists with linsert and lreplace.................................34

3.8 Deleting a list element by value.................................................34

3.9 Sorting a list using a comparison function. ...............................35

3.10 Use split to turn input data into Tcl lists...................................35

3.11 Using arrays. ............................................................................36

3.12 What if the name of the array is in a variable. ...........................37

3.13 Converting from an array to a list..............................................38

3.14 printenv prints the environment variable values. ......................39

3.15 Tracing variables.......................................................................40

3.16 Creating array elements with array traces. ................................40

40Control Flow Commands .............................................................................................................................41

4.1 A conditional if-then-else command......................................42

4.2 Chained conditional with elseif. ..............................................42

4.3 Using switch for an exact match. ..............................................43

4.4 Using switch with substitutions in the patterns. .......................44

4.5 Using switch with all pattern body pairs grouped with quotes. ..44

4.6 Looping with foreach. ...............................................................44

4.7 Parsing command line arguments. ............................................45

4.8 Using list with foreach............................................................45

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Created: September 9, 1994 —bookLOX.doc—Copyright Prentice Hall—DRAFT: 1/13/95

4.9 A while loop to read standard input..........................................46

4.10 A for loop. ................................................................................ 46

4.11 A standard catch phrase........................................................... 47

4.12 A longer catch phrase. .............................................................. 47

4.13 The results of error with no info argument. ..............................48

4.14 Preserving errorInfo when calling error................................... 48

4.15 Specifying errorinfo with return. ............................................. 49

50Procedures and Scope................................................................................................................................. 51

5.1 Default parameter values..........................................................52

5.2 Variable number of arguments.................................................. 52

5.3 Variable scope and Tcl procedures. ........................................... 53

5.4 A random number generator. .................................................... 54

5.5 Using arrays for global state. ....................................................55

5.6 Print by name. .......................................................................... 56

5.7 Improved incr procedure. ......................................................... 56

5.8 Using an array to implement a stack......................................... 56

60Eval............................................................................................................................................................ 59

6.1 Using list to construct commands........................................... 60

6.2 Using eval with $args. .............................................................. 61

70Working with UNIX ..................................................................................................................................... 65

7.1 Using exec on a process pipeline............................................... 66

7.2 A procedure to compare file modify times. ................................. 68

7.3 Creating a directory recusively. ................................................. 69

7.4 Determining if pathnames reference the same file. .................... 69

7.5 Opening a file for writing........................................................... 70

7.6 Opening a file using the POSIX access flags................................ 71

7.7 A more careful use of open. ....................................................... 71

7.8 Opening a process pipeline. ...................................................... 72

7.9 Prompting for input. ................................................................. 72

7.10 A read loop using gets. ............................................................. 73

7.11 A read loop using read and split.............................................. 73

7.12 Finding a file by name...............................................................74

80Reflection and Debugging ........................................................................................................................... 77

8.1 Printing a procedure definition.................................................. 79

8.2 Getting a trace of the Tcl call stack. .......................................... 80

8.3 Interactive history usage.......................................................... 82

8.4 Implementing special history syntax. ........................................ 83

8.5 A Debug procedure. ..................................................................83

90Script Libraries........................................................................................................................................... 89

9.1 Maintaining a tclIndex file. ...................................................... 90

9.2 Loading a tclIndex file.............................................................. 91

100Tk Fundamentals...................................................................................................................................... 95

10.1 “Hello, World!” Tk program........................................................ 96

110Tk by Example........................................................................................................................................ 103

11.1 Logging the output of a UNIX program. ....................................104

11.2 A browser for the code examples in the book........................... 109

11.3 A Tcl shell in a text widget. ..................................................... 113

120The Pack Geometry Manager................................................................................................................... 115

xvii

Created: September 9, 1994 —bookLOX.doc—Copyright Prentice Hall—DRAFT: 1/13/95

12.1 Two frames packed inside the main frame............................... 116

12.2 Turning off geometry propagation............................................116

12.3 A horizontal stack inside a vertical stack.................................117

12.4 Even more nesting of horizontal and vertical stacks. ...............117

12.5 Mixing bottom and right packing sides....................................118

12.6 Filling the display into extra packing space. ...........................119

12.7 Using horizontal fill in a menubar. ..........................................120

12.8 The effects of internal padding (-ipady)....................................122

12.9 Button padding vs. packer padding.........................................122

12.10 The look of a default button. ...................................................123

12.11 Resizing without the expand option.........................................124

12.12 Resizing with expand turned on. .............................................124

12.13 More than one expanding widget.............................................125

12.14 Setup for anchor experiments. ................................................125

12.15 The effects of non-center anchors............................................126

12.16 Animating the packing anchors...............................................126

12.17 Controlling the packing order..................................................127

12.18 Packing into other relatives. ....................................................128

130Binding Commands to X Events ..............................................................................................................133

13.1 The binding hierarchy. ............................................................134

13.2 Output from the UNIX xmodmap program. ...............................140

13.3 Emacs-like binding convention for Meta and Escape. .............. 141

140Buttons and Menus .................................................................................................................................145

14.1 A troublesome button command. ............................................146

14.2 Fixing up the troublesome situation........................................147

14.3 A button associated with a Tcl procedure. ............................... 148

14.4 Radio and Check buttons........................................................150

14.5 Acommand on a radiobutton or checkbutton...........................151

14.6 A menu sampler........................................................................154

14.7 A simple menu-by-name package............................................ 156

14.8 Adding menu entries...............................................................157

14.9 A wrapper for cascade entries. ................................................158

14.10 Using the basic menu package. ...............................................158

14.11 Keeping the accelerator display up-to-date. .............................158

150Simple Tk Widgets ...................................................................................................................................163

15.1 A label that displays different strings. ....................................165

15.2 The message widget formats long lines of text...........................167

15.3 Controlling the text layout in a message widget. ......................168

15.4 A scale widget. .......................................................................169

15.5 A text widget and two scrollbars.............................................173

160Entry and Listbox Widgets.......................................................................................................................177

16.1 A command, a label and an entry. .........................................179

16.2 A listbox with scrollbars. .......................................................183

16.3 A listbox with scrollbars and better alignment. ......................184

16.4 Choosing items from a listbox ............................ 188

170Focus, Grabs, and Dialogs.......................................................................................................................195

17.1 Setting focus-follows-mouse input focus model. ......................196

xviii

17.2 A simple dialog. ...................................................................... 199

17.3 A feedback procedure.............................................................. 200

17.4 A file selection dialog. .............................................................201

17.5 Listing a directory for fileselect................................................ 204

17.6 Accepting a file name. ............................................................. 206

17.7 Simple support routines. ........................................................207

17.8 File name completion.............................................................. 208

180The text Widget....................................................................................................................................... 211

18.1 Tag configurations for basic character styles........................... 216

18.2 Line spacing and justification in the text widget. .................... 217

18.3 An active text button.............................................................. 219

18.4 Delayed creation of embedded widgets. ................................... 221

190The canvas Widget .................................................................................................................................. 227

19.1 The canvas Hello, World! example. ..........................................227

19.2 A double slider canvas example............................................... 229

19.3 Moving the markers for the double-slider. ............................... 231

19.4 A large scrollable canvas. ........................................................ 233

19.5 Canvas arc items. ................................................................... 234

19.6 Canvas bitmap items. ..............................................................235

19.7 Canvas image items. ................................................................236

19.8 A canvas stroke drawing example............................................ 237

19.9 Canvas oval items .................................................................. 238

19.10 Canvas polygon items. ............................................................239

19.11 Dragging out a box. ................................................................ 240

19.12 Simple edit bindings for canvas text items. ............................. 242

19.13 Using a canvas to scroll a set of widgets. ................................. 244

19.14 Generating postscript from a canvas. ...................................... 249

200Selections and the Clipboard................................................................................................................... 253

20.1 Paste the PRIMARY or CLIPBOARD selection. ................................ 253

20.2 A selection handler for canvas widgets..................................... 256

210Callbacks and Handlers .......................................................................................................................... 259

21.1 A read event file handler. ........................................................ 261

21.2 The sender application............................................................ 262

21.3 Using the sender application................................................... 264

21.4 Hooking the browser to an eval server. ................................... 266

21.5 Making the shell into an eval server. ...................................... 267

220Tk Widget Attributes ............................................................................................................................... 269

22.1 Equal-sized labels................................................................... 272

22.2 3D relief sampler. ................................................................... 273

22.3 Borders and padding. ............................................................. 275

230Color, Images, and Cursors..................................................................................................................... 277

23.1 Resources for reverse video. .................................................... 277

23.2 Computing a darker color ....................................................... 279

23.3 Specifying an image attribute for a widget. .............................. 281

23.4 Specifying a bitmap for a widget.............................................. 282

23.5 The built-in bitmaps ...............................................................282

240Fonts and Text Attributes ....................................................................................................................... 289

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