Grails开发全栈框架详解：Groovy与Spring集成
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Grails是一种全栈框架，旨在通过核心技术和关联插件简化Web开发流程。它诞生于2008年9月1日，由Isak Rickyanto发布在www.grailsdeveloper.com网站上，其目标是提供一种高效、易用的解决方案来应对Web开发中的各种挑战。
Grails的核心特点包括：
1. **基于Hibernate的简单易用对象关系映射（ORM）**：Grails利用Hibernate作为底层技术，使得开发者能够轻松地管理数据库操作，实现数据模型与数据库之间的无缝集成。
2. **Groovy Server Pages (GSP)**：这是一种强大的视图技术，结合了Java和Groovy语言，允许开发者编写动态和可扩展的HTML页面，简化了前端与后端逻辑的交互。
3. **基于Spring MVC的控制器层**：Grails利用Spring MVC架构，提供了灵活的控制逻辑处理，使得应用程序的请求处理变得更加模块化。
4. **Groovy脚本环境（Gant）**：一个命令行脚本工具，支持Groovy语言，有助于自动化构建、部署和其他重复性任务，提高开发效率。
5. **嵌入式Jetty容器与热部署**：Grails内置了Jetty服务器，具备自动重新加载功能，使得开发过程中可以实时看到代码更改的效果，提高了开发者的调试体验。
6. **依赖注入（DI）**：通过Spring容器实现服务组件之间的松耦合，使代码更加模块化，易于维护。
7. **国际化支持（i18n）**：Grails支持Spring MessageSource概念，使得应用能方便地处理多语言环境，提升用户体验。
8. **基于Spring事务管理的服务层**：Grails利用Spring的事务抽象，确保业务逻辑在执行过程中的数据一致性。
Grails遵循Model-View-Controller (MVC) 设计模式，模型（Model）代表持久化的实体，实现了数据的存储和检索，而领域特定语言（DSLs）的应用使得这些操作更为直观和简洁。Grails为Java开发者提供了一个高度集成的开发环境，结合Groovy的强大功能，极大地简化了Web开发的复杂性，促进了快速迭代和高质量的软件交付。如果你是Grails新手或者希望深入学习Grails框架，了解上述知识点将对你非常有帮助。
Grails Cheatsheet / Quicksheet Draft 0.1 ( Sept 1, 2008 ) by Isak Rickyanto – www.grailsdeveloper.com
About Grails
Grails is a full stack framework and attempts to solve as
many pieces of the web development puzzle through the
core technology and it's associated plug-ins. Included out the
box are things like:
• An easy to use Object Relational Mapping (ORM)
layer built on
Hibernate
• An expressive view technology called Groovy
Server Pages (GSP)
• A controller layer built on
Spring MVC
• A command line scripting environment built on the
Groovy-powered
Gant
• An embedded Jetty container which is configured
for on the fly reloading
• Dependency injection with the inbuilt
Spring
container
• Support for internationalization (i18n) built on
Spring's core MessageSource concept
• A transactional service layer built on Spring's
transaction abstraction
All of these are made easy to use through the power of the
Groovy language and the extensive use of Domain Specific
Languages (DSLs).
Website of Grails : www.grails.org
Model / Domain
A Domain fulfills the M in the Model View Controller (MVC)
pattern and represents a persistent entity that is mapped
onto an underlying database table. In Grails a domain is a
class that lives in the grails-app/domain directory. A domain
class can be created with the create-domain-class
command:
grails create-domain-class Book
Example of Domain class:
class Book {
String title
Date releaseDate
Author author
}
The class name, by default, is mapped to the table name in
lower case and separated by underscores instead of camel
case. While each property maps to individual columns.
GORM
GORM is Grails' object relational mapping (ORM)
implementation. Under the hood it uses Hibernate 3 (an
extremely popular and flexible open source ORM solution)
but because of the dynamic nature of Groovy, the fact that it
supports both static and dynamic typing, and the convention
of Grails there is less configuration involved in creating Grails
domain classes.
One to One
Unidirectional
class Face {
Nose nose
}
class Nose {
}
Unidirectional with cascade
class Face {
Nose nose
}
class Nose {
static belongsTo = Face
}
Bidirectional relationship – no cascade
class Face {
Nose nose
}
class Nose {
Face face
}
Bidirectional with cascade
class Face {
Nose nose
}
class Nose {
static belongsTo = [face:Face]
}
One to Many
Grails will, by default, map this kind of relationship with a join
table. Grails will automatically inject a property of type
java.util.Set into the domain class based on the hasMany
setting.
No cascade delete
class Author {
static hasMany = [ books : Book ]
String name
}
class Book {
String title
}
With cascade delete
class Author {
static hasMany = [ books : Book ]
String name
}
class Book {
static belongsTo = [author:Author]
String title
}
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