Spring MVC入门教程：一步步构建应用

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本文档是一份详细的Spring MVC教程，按照步骤2.5进行讲解，由Thomas Risberg、Rick Evans和Portia Tung编著，版权允许在个人使用和非商业传播时复制，但需保留版权声明。以下是文章的主要内容概要： **1. 概述** 本教程旨在帮助读者逐步构建一个基于Spring框架的MVC应用程序。首先，介绍所涵盖的主题，并概述了开发所需的预备软件和技术环境。 **2. 预备软件和环境** - 学习者需要准备Tomcat服务器，这是Spring MVC应用的典型部署平台。 - 创建项目目录结构，包括`index.jsp`作为入口页面。 - 将应用程序部署到Tomcat以验证基础设置。 - 下载最新版的Spring Framework，确保其与项目的兼容性。 - 修改`web.xml`配置文件，设置Servlet映射和Spring MVC的配置。 - 将必要的库文件复制到`WEB-INF/lib`目录下，如Spring MVC的核心库和其他依赖。 **3. 应用程序构建过程** - **第1步**：创建并初始化基本的应用和环境设置。 - **第2步**：编写Controller，它是MVC架构中的关键部分，负责处理用户请求。 - **第3步**：编写单元测试，确保Controller的功能正确无误。 - **第4步**：创建视图（View），通常使用JSP来展示数据。 - **第5步**：整合JSTL和JSP头文件，增强视图的动态功能。 - **第6步**：进一步优化Controller的设计，可能涉及到依赖注入和控制器方法的组织。每一步都提供了具体的代码示例和详细的操作指南，使得读者能够逐步理解Spring MVC的工作原理并实际操作。通过完成这些步骤，读者将建立起一个基础的Spring MVC应用，并对其内部工作机制有深入理解。学习者在实践中可以发现Spring MVC的强大之处，如解耦、模块化和易于扩展。

[list] OK - Listed applications for virtual host localhost

[list] /springapp:running:0:springapp

[list] /manager:running:0:manager

[list] /:running:0:ROOT

[list] /docs:running:0:docs

[list] /examples:running:0:examples

[list] /host-manager:running:0:host-manager

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 3 seconds

You can now open up a browser and navigate to the starting page of our application at the following URL:

http://localhost:8080/springapp/index.jsp.

The application's starting page

1.5. Download the Spring Framework

If you have not already downloaded the Spring Framework, now is the time to do so. We are currently using the

'Spring Framework 2.5' release that can be downloaded from http://www.springframework.org/download.

Unzip this file somewhere as we are going to use several files from this download later on.

This completes the setup of the environment that is necessary, and now we can start actually developing our

Spring Framework MVC application.

1.6. Modify 'web.xml' in the 'WEB-INF' directory

Basic Application and Environment Setup

Spring Framework (2.5) 6

Go to the 'springapp/war/WEB-INF' directory. Modify the minimal 'web.xml' file that we created earlier. We

will define a DispatcherServlet (also known as a 'Front Controller' (Crupi et al)). It is going to control

where all our requests are routed based on information we will enter at a later point. This servlet definition also

has an attendant <servlet-mapping/> entry that maps to the URL patterns that we will be using. We have

decided to let any URL with an '.htm' extension be routed to the 'springapp' servlet (the

DispatcherServlet).

'springapp/war/WEB-INF/web.xml':

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<web-app version="2.4"

xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee

http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd" >

<servlet-name>springapp</servlet-name>

<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>

<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

<servlet-name>springapp</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>*.htm</url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>

<welcome-file>

index.jsp

</welcome-file>

</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

Next, create a file called 'springapp-servlet.xml' in the 'springapp/war/WEB-INF' directory. This file

contains the bean definitions (plain old Java objects) used by the DispatcherServlet. It is the

WebApplicationContext where all web-related components go. The name of this file is determined by the

value of the <servlet-name/> element from the 'web.xml', with '-servlet' appended to it (hence

'springapp-servlet.xml'). This is the standard naming convention used with Spring's Web MVC framework.

Now, add a bean entry named '/hello.htm' and specify the class as springapp.web.HelloController. This

defines the controller that our application will be using to service a request with the corresponding URL

mapping of '/hello.htm'. The Spring Web MVC framework uses an implementation class of the interface

called HandlerMapping to define the mapping between a request URL and the object that is going to handle that

request (the handler). Unlike the DispatcherServlet, the HelloController is responsible for handling a

request for a particular page of the website and is also known as a 'Page Controller' (Fowler). The default

HandlerMapping that the DispatcherServlet uses is the BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping; this class will use the

bean name to map to the URL in the request so that the DispatcherServlet knows which controller must be

invoked for handling different URLs.

'springapp/war/WEB-INF/springapp-servlet.xml':

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans

http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">

</beans>

Basic Application and Environment Setup

Spring Framework (2.5) 7

1.7. Copy libraries to 'WEB-INF/lib'

First create a 'lib' directory in the 'war/WEB-INF' directory. Then, from the Spring distribution, copy

spring.jar (from spring-framework-2.5/dist) and spring-webmvc.jar (from

spring-framework-2.5/dist/modules) to the new 'war/WEB-INF/lib' directory. Also, copy

commons-logging.jar (from spring-framework-2.5/lib/jakarta-commons) to the 'war/WEB-INF/lib'

directory. These jars will be deployed to the server and they are also used during the build process.

1.8. Create the Controller

Create your Controller class – we are naming it HelloController, and it is defined in the 'springapp.web'

package. First we create the package directories and then we create the 'HelloController.java' file and place

it in the 'src/springapp/web' directory.

'springapp/src/springapp/web/HelloController.java':

package springapp.web;

import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller;

import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;

import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

import java.io.IOException;

public class HelloController implements Controller {

protected final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());

public ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {

logger.info("Returning hello view");

return new ModelAndView("hello.jsp");

}

This is a very basic Controller implementation. We will be expanding this later on as well as extending some

of the base controller implementations provided by Spring. In Spring Web MVC, the Controller handles the

request and returns a ModelAndView - in this case, one named 'hello.jsp' which is also the name of the JSP

file we will create next. The model that this class returns is actually resolved via a ViewResolver. Since we

have not explicitly defined a ViewResolver, we are going to be given a default one by Spring that simply

forwards to a URL matching the name of the view specified. We will modify this later on. We have also

specified a logger so we can verify that we actually got into the handler. Using Tomcat, these log messages

should show up in the 'catalina.out' log file which can be found in the '${appserver.home}/log' directory

of your Tomcat installation.

If you are using an IDE, you will want to configure your project's build path by adding the jars from the 'lib'

directory. You will also want to add servlet-api.jar from your servlet container's 'lib' directory

('${appserver.lib}'). Adding these to your build path should successfully resolve all the import statements in

the 'HelloController.java' file.

Basic Application and Environment Setup

Spring Framework (2.5) 8

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