精通Spring MVC与Web Flow框架

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"APress Expert Spring MVC and Web Flow.pdf" 是一本由Seth Ladd、Darren Davison、Steven Devijver和Colin Yates合著的专业书籍，详细介绍了Spring MVC和Web Flow在Java开发中的应用。该书出版于2006年，旨在帮助Java开发者在J2EE平台面临挑战的背景下，利用Spring框架提升开发效率和应用程序性能。在描述中，我们可以看到Spring框架如何革新了Java开发领域。在互联网泡沫破灭后的一段时间里，Java应用程序的未来充满不确定性。J2EE的早期承诺被打破，.NET框架准备好了作为替代方案，整个行业开始寻求更高效、成本更低的解决方案。Spring框架的出现，提供了这样的可能性，使得J2EE平台能够满足这些新的期待。 Spring MVC是Spring框架的一部分，专注于构建Web应用程序的模型-视图-控制器（MVC）架构。这本书会深入探讨如何使用Spring MVC来设计和实现高效、可维护的Web应用。Spring MVC通过解耦应用程序的不同部分，提供了一种模块化和灵活的方式来处理HTTP请求，渲染响应，并管理应用程序的状态。另一方面，Web Flow是Spring的一个扩展，用于管理用户交互流程。它允许开发者定义复杂的用户界面导航模式，以及在用户操作之间的业务逻辑流程。Web Flow可以确保在Web应用中实现有状态的、可恢复的用户交互，提高了用户体验。书中可能会涵盖以下知识点： 1. Spring框架概述：介绍Spring的核心特性，如依赖注入（DI）、面向切面编程（AOP）和容器管理。 2. Spring MVC架构：解析MVC组件的工作原理，包括DispatcherServlet、Model、View和Controller的职责。 3. 模型与视图：讨论如何创建和使用模型对象，以及如何选择和配置视图技术，如JSP、Thymeleaf或FreeMarker。 4. 控制器：学习如何编写控制器，处理HTTP请求，以及如何使用注解来简化代码。 5. 数据绑定与验证：理解如何将表单数据自动绑定到模型对象，以及如何实现数据验证。 6. 模板和国际化：了解如何创建多语言支持的Web应用，以及如何使用模板引擎创建动态视图。 7. 异步处理与RESTful API：探讨Spring MVC对异步请求的支持，以及构建RESTful服务的方法。 8. Web Flow深度探索：深入理解Web Flow的工作原理，包括定义流程图、转换和决策节点、流程变量等。 9. 整合其他Spring模块：介绍如何将Spring MVC与Spring Security、Spring Data、Spring Batch等其他Spring模块集成。 10. 测试与调试：学习如何编写单元测试和集成测试，以确保Spring MVC和Web Flow应用的质量。 11. 性能优化与最佳实践：分享关于性能调优的建议，以及在实际项目中应用Spring MVC和Web Flow的最佳实践。这本书的技术审阅者包括Rob Harrop和Keith Donald，他们是Spring社区的知名成员，这进一步保证了书中的内容具有权威性和实用性。无论是对于初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，"Expert Spring MVC and Web Flow"都是深入理解和掌握这两个关键技术的宝贵资源。

Of course, ripping out all of the Struts code and in-house cruft took time and energy, but

we found we could do it in stages, lowering the risk of the integration. We made some mistakes

and wrote lots of code, and in the end we had a better product—with a better design and a

clear vision of how we wanted to write web applications from that point onward. In other

words, we found what we were looking for in Spring MVC for our Java web applications.

My hope is that you can use this book to peer deeper into Spring MVC and learn new and

interesting ways to use the framework to enhance your applications. We found that Spring

MVC makes doing the right thing easier, and sometimes simply possible, and we hope you’ll

find as much joy using it as we do.

—Seth Ladd

Skipping Ahead

If you are the impatient type, you’ve probably skipped this chapter altogether and headed for

the code. If you’re still here, we have a recommendation for you. If you want to jump ahead

and start with building a Spring MVC application, feel free to check out Chapter 4. There you

will find elementary details on how to start building your first Spring MVC application.

We also recommend that you return to the previous chapters to learn about the theory

and background of web application creation with Spring MVC. It will help to provide the

context for the rest of the book.

How to View This Book

You should look at this book as your in-depth guide to the many features and functions of Spring

MVC, including tips and tricks to get the most out of this flexible framework. This book also con-

tains some best practices for developing well-designed and decoupled web applications.

This book is part guidebook, part tutorial, part web development manual. This book works

best as a companion to Pro Spring by Rob Harrop and Jan Machacek (Apress, 2005), because it

does not cover the Spring Framework in a general sense. It is dedicated to and focused on the

best ways to write web applications using the Spring Framework and Spring MVC.

Roadmap

This book covers a lot of ground. Use this roadmap and chapter outline for a quick overview of

what you will find inside and where.

• Chapter 1 is, well, this chapter you’re reading now. It contains an overview of the book

and its target audience, as well as where to go for more information and support.

• Chapter 2 is a refresher on the Spring Framework. If you are new to Spring, this can help

paint the picture of why the framework exists and what problems it is trying to solve.

Entire books are devoted to Spring, but this chapter can kick-start your discovery of the

framework. If you are brand-new to the framework, you should purchase a full book on

Spring, such as Pro Spring.

CHAPTER 1 ■ INTRODUCTION2

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• Chapter 3 covers the architecture and design of typical Spring MVC applications. Light

on code but heavy on design, this chapter presents details on the common layers found

in web applications and some simple guidelines to build applications that take full

advantage of the Spring Framework.

• Chapter 4 shows you the goods, with a jump start on Spring MVC. The impatient will

find this a good starting point to get the feel of a real application. This chapter doesn’t

go into much detail, but it does take what you’ve learned from Chapter 3 to build some

real functionality.

• Chapter 5 goes into detail about the real workhorse of Spring MVC: the Dispatch-

erServlet. In this chapter you’ll find all the ancillary services that all web applications

require and how they can be configured and extended. Services like multipart file

upload support and Locale resolution are covered here.

• Chapter 6 outlines and explains all of the different Controller options found in the

framework. Controllers are written by you to handle incoming web requests, much like

servlets or Struts Actions. Spring MVC provides a rich menagerie of Controllers to help

with many different use cases and requirements.

• Chapter 7 introduces the view layer. Here you will find a tour of how views are managed

and how they are integrated into a full Spring MVC application. Darren Davison, com-

mitter on Spring’s view technologies, contributed both Chapters 7 and 8.

• Chapter 8 builds upon its predecessor and informs you how to integrate the popular

view technologies with Spring MVC. JSP, Velocity, FreeMarker, and XSLT are just a few of

your options for rendering the view, all covered in this chapter.

• Chapter 9 covers the Validation Framework. It also introduces Valang, a new and exciting

validation system to make writing custom validation rules quick and easy. Steven Devijver,

the author of Valang and Spring Framework committer, contributed Chapter 9.

• Chapter 10 provides examples of and discussion on testing your Spring MVC applica-

tions, including Spring’s handy mocks and stubs for the Servlet API. We take the view

that testing should be quick and painless, so we use a combination of simple unit tests

and mock objects to write tests that run inside your IDE (and outside of your container).

• Chapters 11 and 12 cover the cutting-edge Spring Web Flow, a framework for writing

conversational use cases on the web. This project, originally developed by Erwin Vervaet

and brought into the Spring Framework fold by Keith Donald, allows you to declaratively

build use cases that span multiple requests. Colin Yates provided these chapters.

•Appendix A introduces an excellent tool for documenting your Spring applications. The

BeanDoc tool, written and maintained by Darren Davison, is like Javadoc for your bean

definition XML files. This handy and easy tool integrates with your build to produce

HTML documentation complete with images of the dependencies between beans.

This appendix was contributed by Darren Davison, author of BeanDoc.

•Appendix B provides a bit of a sidebar; it introduces one way to integrate AJAX tech-

nologies into your Spring-powered web application. Darren Davison explains how to

integrate DWR, or Direct Web Remoting (http://getahead.ltd.uk/dwr), with your

Spring MVC applications.

CHAPTER 1 ■ INTRODUCTION 3

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Target Audience

Even though this book’s title contains the word expert, you don’t need to be an expert in Java

or Spring to take advantage of it. However, to get the most out of this book, you should be

familiar with Java and have created at least one web application with it.

You won’t find discussions on basic Servlet API constructs or how to set up and configure

your favorite servlet container. Many great books and resources—including countless web

resources—already exist for this. We assume that you have at least a passing knowledge of

what the Servlet API provides and how to deploy a Java web application. We also assume you

are a competent Java developer, familiar with the language and its APIs.

Although you need not be a Spring Framework expert, it helps if you have investigated it

to get a feel for what it is and what it brings to the table. We merely provide an introduction to

the framework in this book. We recommend that you have a reference resource handy to turn

to when we mention a Spring concept that you might not be familiar with.

If you are familiar with Java web programming and curious how Spring MVC stacks up

against other request/response web frameworks, then this book will certainly help you deter-

mine that.

If you have built a few web applications with Spring MVC, we believe this book can still

offer you great value. We provide many little tips and tricks, including some best practices

for making the most from the web architecture in general. This book also covers some of the

motivations for the designs of the components of Spring MVC, providing valuable insight into

why the elements were built that way and how they connect.

For More Information

When you run into a situation that this book can’t cover, you’ll find that the Spring Framework

has a vibrant and supportive community ready to help you out. The Spring community is

made up of Java developers who take OOP, testability, and good design seriously, so you’ll be

in good company.

• The Spring Framework’s home page, http://www.springframework.org, is the place to

get news about the framework and links to many resources found on the web. Use this

as a jumping-off point to downloads, forums, CVS, and issue tracker services.

• The Spring Framework Support Forums, http://forum.springframework.org, are your

first choice when you want to ask a question or have a problem. Here you can choose

from many forums, including those dedicated to Spring MVC and Spring Web Flow, and

even one on architectural issues. These forums are active and helpful.

• The user mailing list is largely deprecated in favor of the support forums. However, you

can access the archives via Spring’s SourceForge page, http://sourceforge.net/projects/

springframework. There you will also find the developers’ mailing list, useful if you want

to track development issues.

•You will find that the excellent Reference Manual, available from

http://www.springframework.org/documentation, is up-to-date and quite full of content.

Spring is one open-source project that does not skimp on its bundled documentation.

CHAPTER 1 ■ INTRODUCTION4

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•Spring uses JIRA for its issue and bug tracking, found at http://opensource2.

atlassian.com/projects/spring/secure/Dashboard.jspa. You can use this site to

the issue first. This site also has the roadmap for future versions of the framework.

•For more on Spring Web Flow, that project has a very active Wiki page found at http://

opensource2.atlassian.com/confluence/spring/display/WEBFLOW/Home. There you will

find more tutorials, documentation, and links to articles on this up-and-coming project.

With the Spring Framework, there is no shortage of support options available, including

many other books and professional consulting organizations and individuals.

Sample Applications

Sometimes looking at raw code is the only way to make the light bulb go off. If you’re stuck

and want to see how others might do it, Spring comes with many sample applications with full

source code. These are excellent opportunities to investigate real working apps to see exam-

ples of Spring MVC and its integration with the rest of the application.

The sample applications can be found in the samples directory of the Spring Framework

distribution or CVS repository.

Table 1-1. Sample Web Applications

Name Description

countries Demonstrates paged list navigation, locale and theme switching, localized

view definitions, page composition through view definitions, and

generation of PDF and Excel views.

imagedb Demonstrates BLOB/CLOB handling, native JDBC connection handling,

multipart file uploads, and Velocity integration.

jasperdemo Demonstrates using JasperReports as the view technology.

JPetStore Full application with all layers, using either Spring MVC or Struts for the

web layers. Also demonstrates different remoting options.

PetClinic Demonstrates integration with JDBC, Hibernate, Apache OJB, and Oracle

TopLink. Also demonstrates JMX integration.

webapp-minimal Minimal web application structure, including build scripts.

Spring 2.0

This book was written while Spring 2.0 was under development, so everything mentioned here

will work with 2.0 or earlier. Nothing is 2.0 specific, so don’t worry if you are using an earlier

version of the framework.

The biggest addition to Spring’s web capabilities with Spring 2.0 is the formal bundling

of Spring Web Flow and Spring Portlet support. Spring MVC stays largely the same as previous

versions, but does gain a few helpful simplifications and shortcuts. The changelog for the lat-

est version is currently found at http://static.springframework.org/spring/docs/current/

changelog.txt.

CHAPTER 1 ■ INTRODUCTION 5

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