C++ Primer 第三版：入门经典教程

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"C++ Primer 3rd edition 是一本经典的C++入门教程，全面且深入浅出地介绍了C++编程语言。" 《C++ Primer 第三版》是C++学习者不可或缺的参考资料，它以深入浅出的方式讲解了C++语言的基础和高级特性。这本书面向初学者，同时也适合有一定经验的程序员作为提升技能的读物。书中涵盖了许多关键主题，包括基本语法、面向对象编程（OOP）、模板、异常处理以及STL（标准模板库）等。 1. **C++基础**：书中的早期章节将引导读者了解C++的基本元素，如变量、数据类型、运算符、控制结构（如if语句和循环）、函数、数组和指针。这些基础知识是理解C++程序设计的关键。 2. **面向对象编程**：C++是面向对象的语言，本书详细介绍了类、对象、封装、继承和多态等概念。通过实例，读者可以学习如何设计和实现复杂的类体系，以及如何利用虚函数和纯虚函数实现多态性。 3. **模板**：C++的模板机制是其强大之处，它允许编写泛型代码，提高代码复用。书中详细解释了函数模板和类模板的使用，以及模板元编程的概念。 4. **异常处理**：异常处理是C++中处理错误的重要机制。本书会介绍如何使用try、catch和throw来捕获和处理运行时错误，以及异常安全性的最佳实践。 5. **STL（标准模板库）**：STL是C++的标准库，包含容器（如vector、list和map）、迭代器、算法和函数对象。通过STL，开发者可以高效地处理数据，而无需关注底层实现细节。 6. **实践与测试**：书中包含了大量的示例代码，帮助读者巩固理论知识并实践编程。这些程序经过精心测试，但并不保证适用于所有情况，读者需要根据具体需求进行调整。 7. **责任与声明**：尽管作者和出版社对书中的内容进行了谨慎处理，但他们不提供任何形式的明示或默示保证，并不对因使用书中信息或程序导致的任何直接或间接损害负责。 8. **团体购买信息**：出版商提供批量购买的折扣，适合特殊销售、企业培训或学校教学场景。《C++ Primer 第三版》是一本全面且深入的教程，它不仅讲解了C++语言的核心概念，还涵盖了现代C++的许多高级特性。对于想要掌握C++编程的人而言，这是一本不可多得的指南。通过阅读和实践，读者将能够熟练地运用C++进行软件开发。

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1. Read the sales file.

2. Count the sales by title and by publisher.

3. Sort the titles by publisher.

4. Write the results.

Items 1, 2, and 4 represent problems we know how to solve; they do not need to be broken down

further. Item 3, however, is still a little more than we know how to do. So we reapply our method to this

item:

1. Sort the sales by publisher.

2. Within each publisher, sort the sales by title.

3. Compare adjacent titles within each publisher group. For each matching pair, increment an

occurrence count of the first and delete the second.

Items 3a, 3b, and 3c also now represent problems that we know how to solve. Because we can solve all

the subproblems that we have identified, we have in effect solved the original, bigger problem. Moreover,

we see that the original order of tasks was incorrect. The sequence of actions required is the following:

1. Read the sales file.

2. Sort the sales file — first by publisher and then by title within publisher.

3. Compact duplicate titles.

4. Write the results into a new file.

The resulting sequence of actions is referred to as an algorithm. The next step is to translate our

algorithm into a particular programming language — in this case, C++.

The C++ Program

In C++, an action is referred to as an expression. An expression terminated by a semicolon is referred

to as a statement. The smallest independent unit in a C++ program is a statement. In a natural language,

an analogous construct is the sentence. The following, for example, are statements in C++:

int book_count = 0;

book_count = books_on_shelf + books_on_order;

cout « "the value of book_count: " « book_count;

The first statement is a declaration statement. book_count is variously called an identifier, a symbolic

variable (or variable for short), or an object. It defines an area of computer memory associated with

the name book_count that holds integer values. 0 is a literal constant. book_count is initialized to a

first value of zero.

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The second statement is an assignment statement. It places in the area of computer memory associated

with book_count the result of adding together books_on_shelf and books_on_order. Presumably,

these are also integer variables defined and assigned values in earlier portions of the program.

The third statement is an output statement. cout is the output destination associated with the user's

terminal. « is the output operator. The statement writes to cout — that is, the user's terminal — first the

string literal enclosed within quotation marks and then the value stored in the area of computer memory

associated with the name book_count. The output of this statement is

the value of book_count: 11273

presuming that the value of book_count at this point is 11,273.

Statements are logically grouped into named units referred to as functions. For example, all the

statements necessary to read the sales file are organized into a function called readIn(). Similarly, we

organize sort(), compact(), and print() functions.

In C++, every program must contain a function called main(), supplied by the programmer, before the

program can be run. Here is how main() might be defined for the preceding algorithm:

int main()

{

readIn();

sort();

compact();

print();

return 0;

}

A C++ program begins execution with the first statement of main(). In this case, the program begins by

executing the function readIn(). Program execution continues by sequentially executing the statements

within main(). The program terminates normally following execution of the last statement in main().

A function consists of four parts: a return type, the function name, a parameter list, and the function body.

The first three parts are collectively referred to as the function prototype.

The parameter list, enclosed within parentheses, contains a comma-separated list of zero or more

parameters. The function body is enclosed within a pair of curly braces. It consists of a sequence of

program statements.

In this instance, the body of main()invokes the functions readIn(), sort(), compact(), and print

(). When they have completed, the statement

return 0;

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is executed. return, a predefined C++ statement, provides a method of terminating the execution of a

function. When supplied with a value such as 0, that value becomes the return value of the function. In

this case, a return value of 0 indicates the successful completion of main(). (In Standard C++, main()

returns a value of 0 by default if an explicit return statement is not provided.)

Let's turn now to how the program is made ready for execution. First, we must provide definitions of

readIn(), sort(), compact(), and print(). At this point, the following dummy instances are good

enough:

void readIn() { cout « "readIn()\n"; }

void sort() { cout « "sort()\n"; }

void compact() { cout « "compact()\n"; }

void print() { cout « "print()\n"; }

void is used to specify a function that does not provide a return value. As defined, each function will

simply announce its presence on the user's terminal when invoked by main(). Later, we can replace

these dummy instances with the actual functions as they are implemented.

This incremental method of building programs provides a useful measure of control over the programming

errors we inevitably make. Trying to get a program to work all at once is simply too complicated and

confusing.

A program source file's name generally consists of two parts: a file name — for example, bookstore —

and a file suffix. The file suffix, by convention, serves to identify the contents of the file. The file

bookstore.h

by convention is interpreted to be a header file within either the C or C++ language. (The standard C++

header files, however, have no suffix — they represent the proverbial exception to the rule.)

The file

bookstore.c

by convention is interpreted to be a C program text file, whereas, under the UNIX operating system, the

file

bookstore.C

by convention is interpreted to be a C++ program text file. The suffix for C++ program files varies

among the different implementations of C++, particularly since, under DOS, the lower-case and

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[1]

At the time of this writing, not all C++ implementations support namespaces. If your implementation does not support namespaces,

the using directive must be omitted. Because many of the examples in this book were compiled with implementations not supporting

namespaces, using directives have been omitted from most code examples.

Once the program has been entered into a file, say, prog1.C, the next step is to compile it. This is done

as follows under the UNIX operating system ($ represents the system prompt):

$ CC prog1.C

The command name used to invoke the C++ compiler varies across implementations. (Under Windows,

the command is usually invoked through clicking on a menu item.) CC is the command name for the C++

compiler we use on our UNIX workstations. Check the reference manual or ask your system

administrator for the C++ command name on your system.

Part of the compiler's job is to analyze the program text for correctness. A compiler cannot detect

whether the meaning of a program is correct, but it can detect errors in the form of the program. Two

common forms of program error are the following:

1. Syntax errors. The programmer has made a "grammatical" error in the C++ language. For

example:

int main ( { // error: missing ')'

readIn(): // error: illegal character ':'

sort();

compact();

print();

return 0 // error: missing ';'

}

2. Type errors. Each item of data in C++ has an associated type. The value 10, for example, is an

integer. The word "hello" surrounded by double quotation marks is a string. If a function expecting

an integer argument is given a string, a type error is signaled by the compiler.

An error message contains a line number and a brief description of what the compiler believes we have

done wrong. It is a good practice to correct errors in the sequence they are reported. Often a single

error can have a cascading effect and cause a compiler to report more errors than actually are present.

Once the error has been corrected, the program should be recompiled. This cycle is often referred to as

edit-compile-debug.

A second part of the compiler's job is to translate formally correct program text. This translation, referred

to as code generation, typically generates object or assembly instruction text understood by the

computer on which the program is run.

The result of a successful compilation is an executable file. When run, our program generates the

following output:

readIn()

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