精通C# 2008快速开发指南：打造高效.NET专家

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"Apress - Accelerated C# 2008" 是一本专为想要快速掌握C# 2008语言的开发者编写的教程，作者是Trey Nash。这本书旨在帮助那些熟悉其他面向对象语言（如VB 6.0）的读者，尤其是那些寻求转向面向对象编程的人，轻松上手C#并提升技能。C#语言设计团队的成员Wes Dyer提供了序言，强调了C#在.NET框架下的优势，以及它对于构建简单应用的高效性。本书特别注重实用性和深度，作者不仅教授基本的C#语法和概念，还深入讲解如何正确、高效地使用C#进行复杂应用的开发，以确保程序的健壮性和容错性。通过这本书，读者可以快速提升到真正的C#专家水平，不仅能够编写出功能强大的应用程序，还能理解和利用C#语言的高级特性。书中还特别提到，为了方便读者，在一段时间内提供了一本免费且全文可搜索的电子书，价值20美元，但这个优惠活动截止至2008年6月30日。此外，书的版权属于Weldon W. Nash III，所有复制或传播必须获得版权所有者和出版商的书面许可。《Accelerated C# 2008》的版式包括纸质书的ISBN号，印刷和装订均在美国完成。作者还提醒读者，书中可能会出现商标名称，出于编辑目的和对商标所有者的尊重，这些商标仅以非侵权的方式提及。整本书由Dominic Shakesha担任主要编辑，确保内容的专业性和一致性，使读者在学习过程中能够获取全面而深入的C# 2008知识体系。这是一本既适合初学者入门，又满足进阶开发者提升技术能力的宝贵资源。通过阅读这本书，读者将掌握C#的核心原理，以及如何将其运用到实际项目中去。

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Checklist for Reference Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Checklist for Value Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

■CHAPTER 14 Extension Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Introduction to Extension Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

How Does the Compiler Find Extension Methods? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Under the Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Code Readability vs. Code Understandability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Recommendations for Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Consider Extension Methods Over Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Isolate Extension Methods in Separate Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Changing a Type’s Contract Can Break Extension Methods . . . . . . . . . . 425

Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Operation Chaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Custom Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Borrowing from Functional Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

The Visitor Pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

■CHAPTER 15 Lambda Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Introduction to Lambda Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Lambda Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Lambda Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

Expression Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Operating on Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Functions As Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Useful Applications of Lambda Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Iterators and Generators Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Closures (Variable Capture) and Memoization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Currying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Anonymous Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

■CHAPTER 16 LINQ: Language Integrated Query. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

A Bridge to Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

Query Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Extension Methods and Lambda Expressions Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Standard Query Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

■CONTENTSxiv

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C# Query Keywords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

The from Clause and Range Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

The join Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

The where Clause and Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

The orderby Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

The select Clause and Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

The let Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

The group Clause. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

The into Clause and Continuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

The Virtues of Being Lazy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

C# Iterators Foster Laziness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Subverting Laziness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Executing Queries Immediately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Expression Trees Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Techniques from Functional Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Custom Standard Query Operators and Lazy Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Replacing foreach Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

■APPENDIX References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Blogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

■INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

■CONTENTS xv

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Foreword

Programming is exhilarating. It is a breathtaking venture through problems of the mind accented

by beautiful vistas as solutions are discovered. Throughout the process, a programmer’s view of the

problems he solves and the solutions to these problems is formed through the lens of the language

that he uses and thinks in. So, it is important for a programmer to become intimately familiar with

that language.

The problems that developers work on are as varied as the developers themselves. They range

from medical applications to insurance software, from multimedia applications to data mining

tools. The evolution of C# really is about the evolution of the problems that developers face. As the

problems become ever more complex, the language becomes simpler and more powerful to deal

with the complexity.

C# began its life as a way to describe reusable components that run in a variety of execution

environments. During this phase, it solidified its role as a great language for describing the architec-

ture of components and systems while embracing and extending its roots as a C-like language. One

of the major contributions it added was a fully object-oriented type system that unifies the con-

cepts of primitive and complex types and garbage collection.

While the first version of C# was a major accomplishment, the second release became the

defining moment for the language. The type system became much richer with the inclusion of

generics. The language also began to provide features like iterators and anonymous methods that

encourage simpler and more elegant designs. These features enabled more flexible and powerful

frameworks to be developed.

The third version of C# really breaks new ground. It blurs the line between code and data. It

introduces declarative query syntax. It empowers programmers through functional features. All of

these additions enable programmers to deal with the difficulties of data whether in-memory, in a

database, or from a web server. Programmers will find that these features put the fun back in pro-

gramming.

In this book, Trey Nash provides a refreshingly clear explanation of the C# language. He not

only understands C#, but he is also able to guide the reader through the process of learning to excel

in the language. He makes the journey to understanding enjoyable through thought-provoking

examples while taking the time to motivate each feature and demonstrate common and best prac-

tices. I am confident that the reader will write better code by reading this book.

Wes Dyer

C# Compiler and Language Design Teams

Microsoft Corporation

xvii

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