4TeX for Windows：荷兰语导向的TeX用户组指南

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"4TeX for Windows 是荷兰语导向的TeX用户组NTG开发的一款适用于Windows操作系统的TeX排版系统。由Wietse Dol和Erik Frambach编写，它提供了丰富的排版功能，尤其针对荷兰语的特定需求进行了优化。4TeX支持用户在Windows环境下进行高质量的文本处理和排版工作。该软件的详细文档包含了版权信息，允许用户在保留版权通知的前提下进行复制和分发。此外，还授权用户根据原始作品创建修改版，并在遵循相同许可协议的条件下进行分布。对于翻译工作，只要经过作者批准，也可以在译文中使用相应的许可通知。尽管文档中提到的具体版权归属未详细列出，但可以看出4TeX及其相关文档受到了严格的版权保护。" 本文将深入探讨4TeX for Windows以及与TeX相关的知识。 TeX是一种由Donald Knuth开发的计算机排版系统，主要用于制作高质量的数学公式、科技论文和技术文档。4TeX是TeX的一个特定实现，针对荷兰语用户进行了优化，意味着它可能包含了对荷兰语特殊字符和排版规则的支持。在Windows操作系统上使用4TeX，用户可以利用其强大的排版功能，比如自动编号、交叉引用、图形插入和复杂的数学公式排版等。 TeX语言本身是一种基于控制序列的标记语言，用户通过输入控制序列来指示如何处理文本。这种语言具有高度可定制性，可以通过宏包扩展其功能。4TeX可能预装了一些常用的宏包，如AMS-TeX（用于更复杂的数学表达式）、BibTeX（用于参考文献管理）和 graphics/graphix（用于图像处理）。安装4TeX for Windows后，用户通常会有一个集成的编辑器和编译环境，方便编写、预览和编译TeX源文件。编译过程会生成DVI（设备独立文本文档）或PDF文件，这些文件可以在各种设备上查看，保持一致的排版效果。为了更好地利用4TeX，用户需要学习TeX的基本语法和命令，同时熟悉提供的工具和界面。此外，4TeX for Windows还可能包括一个用户社区和文档支持，例如NTG（荷兰语导向的TeX用户组）可能提供论坛、邮件列表和在线资源，帮助用户解决使用过程中遇到的问题。用户还可以通过4tex-support@ntg.nl这个邮箱地址获取技术支持。 4TeX for Windows是一个强大的文本处理工具，尤其适合需要荷兰语支持的用户。它结合了TeX的强大排版功能和Windows操作系统的易用性，为学术和技术文档的编写提供了高效、专业的解决方案。

xvi Preface

In May 1994 the ﬁrst edition of

allT

Xon

CDROM was produced. But this was much more than

just a reworking of the diskette set. The

CDROM was

set up as a true ‘plug and play’ system. In fact, it

was the very ﬁrst T

CDROM that would install T

in less than a minute, and run almost entirely from

the

CDROM. Because of the huge amounts of space

on a

CDROM (compared to the diskette set) we were

able to add many extras (T

X ﬁles, programs, docu-

mentation, etc.). We even felt conﬁdent (or arrogant)

enough to call it ‘The ultimate T

X resource’.

This CDROM soon became more popular than

we could ever have expected. In July the 250 copies

we made were sold out. In September 1994 a sec-

ond edition was released. 1250 copies were made

and they were sold in half a year, not only to

NTG

members but worldwide.

From the experience with this edition we

learned a lot. In 1995 we felt that it was time for

a complete revision. The third edition was produced.

This time not a single, but a double

CDROM.Wesim-

ply couldn’t ﬁt everything we thought valuable onto

one

CDROM. This third edition sold over 4000 copies worldwide in less than 2 years.

In 1997 we started working on the fourth edition.

It would be similar to the third, but it would now take

full advantage of graphic and multitasking abilities of

the Microsoft Windows environment. The fourth edi-

tion was ﬁnished in October 1997. The fame and rep-

utation of the

allT

CDROMs made four T

XUser

Groups (

TUG,UKTUG,DANTE and NTG) decide to buy

the

CDROMs for all their members (about 4800 in total,

within the ﬁrst three months after its release).

Although

X 4 takes advantageof Windows fea-

tures, it is still not a true Windows environment. Under

the hood many programs are still

MS-DOS-based. We

realized that a true Win32 (Windows95, 98,

NT)imple-

mentation was needed. So we started looking for pro-

grams to build such an environment based completely

on freeware and shareware. Luckily the complete Web2c T

Xsystem(the standard on

Unix systems) was being ported to Win32 in the same year. It was soon decided that

this implementation should be the basis of the Windows environment we envisioned.

We evaluated many, many Windows programs and ‘T

X shells’ to ﬁnd that not one

of them offers all the ﬂexibility and options we expected from a ‘control center’ for

xviii Preface

How to use this book

We have tried to write this book in such a way that people who never heard about T

can learn fast and get the software running. At the same time we know (or hope) that

people who are familiar with T

X will also read it. Of course we don’t want to bother

them with superﬁcial introductions. Therefore we will give recommendations for both

types of users which parts to read and/or skip. But let us start with an overview of the

contents of this book.

Part I: Getting started with T

X. This part is a general introduction that explains T

concepts in a nutshell. It also gives recommendations on when and where (not) to

use T

X. Finally an overview is given on different ways that are available to T

users to get support and advice.

Part II: Using

X. This part focusses on how to use the

X program. It start with

installation of the software, and it explains all menus, button, and other features

that

X supports.

Part III: The technical ins and outs. This part starts with a detailed explanation on

how

X’s features are implemented, which ﬁles are involved and how

Xex-

pects them to appear. Details on

X conﬁguration are discussed as well. After

that an exhaustive explanation of all Web2c programs that make up the entire T

system is given.

Part IV: The many roads to T

X. This part explains the ideas of different macro pack-

ages for T

X. An introductory course on three such packages is included, as well

as a comparison of these three. We will also brieﬂy discuss future developments.

Appendix A contains a set of tables in which you can quickly look up the meaning of

ﬁle types that you may run across when using T

Appendix B contains ﬂowcharts that describe the relations among the ﬁles and

programs in a T

Xsystem.

Appendix C lists all the software that you will ﬁnd on the

CDROM. All this software is

either freeware or shareware. Freeware is absolutely free of charge: you got it free

of charge and you can use it free of charge. You can also distribute it to anyone else,

provided that you distribute the whole package without any changes and you don’t

chargefor it. Sharewareis somewhat different.You can use/evaluate shareware only

for a limited period. If you want to keep using it after the evaluation period, you

are required to pay a (usually small) license fee. Distribution of shareware software

is usually permitted and encouraged, as long as you don’t charge for it and you

distribute the software without any change.

Appendix D lists all electronic documents available on the

CDROM. Throughout this

book we have marked such references like this:

cdrom .

Appendix E contains a glossary of terms used in this book. It also contains a graph of

all programs cooperating in a typical T

Xsystem.

xix

Appendix F is the bibliography. It lists books, articles, online publications, tutorials,

etc. that are referenced in this book, or could be interesting to T

X users in general.

Items marked

cdrom are available as electronic documents on the

allT

X CDROM.

See also appendix D.

Appendix G is the index that can be used to ﬁnd all major references to important

items discussed in this book.

Depending on how familiar you are with T

X, you may choose to skip parts that you

think you don’t need right away.

If you are a completely new user we recommend that you start with part I and then

move on to part II. We recommend that you read at least two chapters of part IV, so that

you acquire basic knowledge of the T

X language. You can skip part III, at least for the

time being.

If you already know T

X from other environments, it may be sufﬁcient to read

part II, which explains how

X works. You may want to read one or two chapters

from part IV if you feel that you don’t know enough about a certain T

X dialect.

System managers and other people who want to get a deeper understanding of

how all this software works will want to read part III. Others should rarely need such

detailed information on program syntax, conﬁguration ﬁles, etc. Appendices A and B

can be helpful, too.

Typographic conventions

In this book different typefaces and other typographical features are used to distinguish

between ﬁle names, commands, parameters, syntax descriptions, etc.

In general, everything that you would type at the command prompt and output that

programs write to the terminal is written in typewriter font.

File names are written like this: myfile.tex. In general ﬁle name extensions (.tex

in this case) are important, but in many cases there are defaults, depending on the

program that reads a ﬁle. The case (upper or lower) of names is not signiﬁcant.

Paths are written like this: c:\tex\fonts. Note that in many cases paths should be

written using a forward slash: c:/tex/fonts. ‘Long’ path names and ﬁle names

(e.g. c:\aLongDirectoryName\MyFirstTeXDocument.latex) are usually al-

lowed but there are some pitfalls that we will warn you about. The case (upper or

lower) of paths is not signiﬁcant.

Commands that you can enter at the command prompt are written like this:

F dosomething -nice to me

dosomething is the actual command, which can be an executable (with exten-

sion .exe), a standard batch ﬁle (with extension .bat), or a 4

DOS batch ﬁle (with

extension .btm). The differences between standard and 4

DOS batch ﬁles will be

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