Python编程入门：A Byte of Python

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"A Byte of Python" 《A Byte of Python》是一本面向初学者的Python编程教程，作者通过清晰易懂的方式介绍了Python语言的基础知识。该书分为针对Python 2.x和Python 3.0两个版本，最新版为v1.92，专为Python 3.0更新。读者可以根据自己的需求选择合适的版本，也可以下载PDF格式或者购买纸质版。本书旨在为那些对计算机了解仅限于保存文本文件的新手提供编程入门指导。它涵盖了Python语言的基本概念，如变量、数据类型、控制结构（如循环和条件语句）、函数、模块、类和对象等。此外，书中可能还涉及错误处理、文件操作以及简单的系统编程等内容。随着Python 3.0的推出，这本书也相应进行了更新，适应新的语言特性。对于想要学习Python 2.x版本的读者，可以下载旧版的教程。至于选择学习哪个版本的问题，作者推荐阅读James Bennett的文章，以获取关于Python 2.x和3.x之间差异的更多信息。读者反馈积极，称赞《A Byte of Python》是他们见过的最佳初学者教程。这表明该书在教授编程基础知识方面非常有效，能够帮助新手快速上手Python编程。学习这本书时，读者可以期待以下内容： 1. Python基础：包括语法介绍、变量和数据类型、运算符以及表达式。 2. 控制流：学习如何使用if语句、for循环和while循环来控制程序流程。 3. 函数：了解如何定义和调用函数，以及参数传递。 4. 模块：学习如何导入和使用Python内置模块，以及创建自定义模块。 5. 对象和类：理解面向对象编程的概念，包括类的定义、对象的创建以及继承。 6. 错误和异常处理：学习如何处理程序运行时可能出现的问题。 7. 文件操作：了解如何读写文件，进行文件管理。 8. 可能还会涉及一些高级话题，如正则表达式、网络编程和数据库操作等。《A Byte of Python》是Python初学者理想的启蒙教材，通过它，读者可以逐步掌握Python编程的各个方面，为未来的编程生涯打下坚实基础。

Python en:Introduction

system-dependent features.

You can use Python on Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, Macintosh, Solaris, OS/2, Amiga,

AROS, AS/400, BeOS, OS/390, z/OS, Palm OS, QNX, VMS, Psion, Acorn RISC OS,

VxWorks, PlayStation, Sharp Zaurus, Windows CE and even PocketPC !

Interpreted

This requires a bit of explanation.

A program written in a compiled language like C or C++ is converted from the source

language i.e. C or C++ into a language that is spoken by your computer (binary code

i.e. 0s and 1s) using a compiler with various flags and options. When you run the

program, the linker/loader software copies the program from hard disk to memory and

starts running it.

Python, on the other hand, does not need compilation to binary. You just run the

program directly from the source code. Internally, Python converts the source code

into an intermediate form called bytecodes and then translates this into the native

language of your computer and then runs it. All this, actually, makes using Python

much easier since you don't have to worry about compiling the program, making sure

that the proper libraries are linked and loaded, etc, etc. This also makes your Python

programs much more portable, since you can just copy your Python program onto

another computer and it just works!

Object Oriented

Python supports procedure-oriented programming as well as object-oriented

programming. In procedure-oriented languages, the program is built around

procedures or functions which are nothing but reusable pieces of programs. In

object-oriented languages, the program is built around objects which combine data

and functionality. Python has a very powerful but simplistic way of doing OOP,

especially when compared to big languages like C++ or Java.

Extensible

If you need a critical piece of code to run very fast or want to have some piece of

algorithm not to be open, you can code that part of your program in C or C++ and

then use it from your Python program.

Embeddable

You can embed Python within your C/C++ programs to give 'scripting' capabilities for

your program's users.

Extensive Libraries

The Python Standard Library is huge indeed. It can help you do various things

involving regular expressions, documentation generation, unit testing, threading,

databases, web browsers, CGI, FTP, email, XML, XML-RPC, HTML, WAV files,

cryptography, GUI (graphical user interfaces), Tk, and other system-dependent stuff.

Remember, all this is always available wherever Python is installed. This is called the

'Batteries Included' philosophy of Python.

Besides, the standard library, there are various other high-quality libraries such as

wxPython (http:/ / www. wxpython. org) , Twisted (http:/ / www. twistedmatrix. com/

products/ twisted), Python Imaging Library (http:/ / www. pythonware. com/ products/

pil/ index. htm) and many more.

Python en:Introduction

Python is indeed an exciting and powerful language. It has the right combination of

performance and features that make writing programs in Python both fun and easy.

Why not Perl?

If you didn't know already, Perl is another extremely popular open source interpreted

programming language.

If you have ever tried writing a large program in Perl, you would have answered this

question yourself! In other words, Perl programs are easy when they are small and it excels

at small hacks and scripts to 'get work done'. However, they quickly become unwieldy once

you start writing bigger programs and I am speaking this out of my experience writing

large Perl programs at Yahoo!

When compared to Perl, Python programs are definitely simpler, clearer, easier to write

and hence more understandable and maintainable. I do admire Perl and I do use it on a

daily basis for various things but whenever I write a program, I always start thinking in

terms of Python because it has become so natural for me. Perl has undergone so many

hacks and changes, that it feels like it is one big (but one hell of a) hack. Sadly, the

upcoming Perl 6 does not seem to be making any improvements regarding this.

The only and very significant advantage that I feel Perl has, is its huge CPAN (http:/ / cpan.

perl. org) library - the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. As the name suggests, this is a

humongous collection of Perl modules and it is simply mind-boggling because of its sheer

size and depth - you can do virtually anything you can do with a computer using these

modules. One of the reasons that Perl has more libraries than Python is that it has been

around for a much longer time than Python. However this seems to be changing with the

growing Python Package Index (http:/ / pypi. python. org/ pypi).

Why not Ruby?

If you didn't know already, Ruby is another popular open source interpreted programming

language.

If you already like and use Ruby, then I would definitely recommend you to continue using

it.

For other people who have not used it and are trying to judge whether to learn Python or to

learn Ruby, then I would recommend Python, purely from an ease-of-learning perspective. I

personally found it hard to grok the Ruby language, but for people who understand Ruby,

they all praise the beauty of the language. Unfortunately, I am not as lucky.

What Programmers Say

You may find it interesting to read what great hackers like ESR have to say about Python:

• €Eric S. Raymond is the author of "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" and is also the person

who coined the term Open Source. He says that Python has become his favorite

programming language (http:/ / www. linuxjournal. com/ article. php?sid=3882). This

article was the real inspiration for my first brush with Python.

• €Bruce Eckel is the author of the famous Thinking in Java and Thinking in C++ books.

He says that no language has made him more productive than Python. He says that

Python is perhaps the only language that focuses on making things easier for the

Python en:Installation

For Windows Users

Visit http:/ / www. python. org/ download/ releases/ 3. 0/ and download the latest version

from this website, which was 3.0 beta 1 (http:/ / www. python. org/ ftp/ python/ 3. 0/

python-3. 0b1. msi) as of this writing. This is just 12.8 MB which is very compact compared

to most other languages or software. The installation is just like any other Windows-based

software.

Caution

When you are given the option of unchecking any "optional" components, don't

uncheck any! Some of these components can be useful for you, especially IDLE.

An interesting fact is that majority of Python downloads are by Windows users. Of course,

this doesn't give the complete picture since almost all Linux users will have Python installed

already on their systems by default.

DOS Prompt

If you want to be able to use Python from the Windows command line i.e. the DOS prompt,

then you need to set the PATH variable appropriately.

For Windows 2000, XP, 2003 , click on Control Panel -> System -> Advanced ->

Environment Variables. Click on the variable named PATH in the 'System Variables'

section, then select Edit and add ;C:\Python30 to the end of what is already there. Of

course, use the appropriate directory name.

For older versions of Windows, add the following line to the file C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT :

'PATH=%PATH%;C:\Python30' (without the quotes) and restart the system. For Windows NT,

use the AUTOEXEC.NT file.

For Mac OS X Users

Mac OS X Users will find Python already installed on their system. Open the Terminal.app

and run python -V and follow the advice in the above Linux section.

Summary

For a Linux system, you most probably already have Python installed on your system.

Otherwise, you can install it using the package management software that comes with your

distribution. For a Windows system, installing Python is as easy as downloading the

installer and double-clicking on it. From now on, we will assume that you have Python

installed on your system.

Next, we will write our first Python program.

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