探索智能奥秘：TIERRA地球模拟器详解与关键技术

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"Tierra 地球模拟器是一款开创性的计算机程序，由Tom Ray和Virtual Life公司于1991年至2003年期间开发。这款模拟器以其在人工智能领域的重要地位而闻名，特别是对于研究智能生命和生态系统演化的研究人员而言，它是不可或缺的学习工具。Tierra的设计目标是创建一个自足的、复杂的生命形式的虚拟世界，它能够通过自我复制和进化来模拟生命的自然过程。该软件的核心是虚拟机，它允许用户构建并运行各种简单或复杂的程序，这些程序在模拟环境中相互作用，形成了一个动态的生态系统。Tierra提供了丰富的功能，包括启动程序、基因组操作、观察和分析种群行为以及控制模拟环境。以下是关键部分的详细介绍： 1. 许可证协议：用户在使用Tierra时必须遵守特定的版权和使用条款，确保尊重知识产权。 2. 虚拟机器：这个模块是程序的核心，它创建了一个可以容纳和执行代码的环境，允许不同的"生命"个体进行竞争、合作和进化。 3. 程序介绍与资源：Tierra的用途、相关出版物和新闻更新，让用户了解其在学术界和公众领域的最新进展。 4. 相关软件 - The Beagle Explorer：可能是与Tierra配套使用的工具或扩展，用于更深入地探索和分析模拟结果。 5. 快速入门指南：包括针对Unix和Windows系统的快速启动教程，便于新用户快速上手。 6. 运行Tierra： - 启动：说明如何初始化模拟环境和加载初始程序。 - 汇编器/反汇编器：用于查看和修改模拟个体的代码，提供高级用户对程序内部的洞察。 - 出生-死亡输出：跟踪种群的增殖和灭绝情况，理解生存竞争。 - 基因库输出：展示遗传信息的变化，揭示进化的痕迹。 - 重启旧运行：对于需要继续先前实验的用户，提供了恢复功能。 - 用户界面：详细描述了基础界面的各个部分，如屏幕显示、菜单选项以及用于控制和观察模拟的工具，如大小、内存、基因型的统计图表，以及虚拟调试器、基因组注入器等。 - 基本界面：包括屏幕布局、不同图表的解读，如大小、内存分配和繁殖效率的分布图，以及可定制的变量和调试选项。 - 标准输出与中断处理：阐述了如何解析和管理模拟产生的日志信息。 - tierra.logfile：这个文件记录了模拟过程中的重要事件和数据，对调试和分析至关重要。 Tierra地球模拟器是一个深度集成的实验平台，它不仅展示了计算机科学与生物学的交叉应用，也激发了对未来人工智能和生命模拟的思考。通过这个模拟器，科学家们得以探索生命的复杂性和多样性，以及可能存在的智能起源机制。"

The virtual machine is an emulation of a MIMD (multiple instruction stream, multiple

data stream) shared memory computer. This is a massively parallel computer in which

each processor is capable of executing a sequence of operations distinct from the other

processors. The parallelism is only emulated by time slicing, but there really are

numerous virtual CPUs. One or more CPUs will be created and assigned to each

“creature” (self-replicating algorithm) living in the RAM of the virtual computer. The

RAM of the virtual computer is known as the “soup”.

The operating system of the virtual computer provides memory management and

timesharing services. It also provides control for a variety of factors that affect the course

of evolution: several kinds of mutation rates, disturbances, the allocation of CPU time to

each creature, the size of the soup, the spatial distribution of creatures and so on. In

addition, the operating system provides a very elaborate observational system that keeps

a record of births and deaths, sequences the code of every creature, and maintains a

genebank of successful genomes. The operating system also provides facilities for

automating the ecological analysis, that is, for recording the kinds of interactions taking

place between creatures.

The version of the software currently being distributed is considered to be a research

grade implementation. This means two things: 1) It is continuously under development,

and may not be completely bug free. 2) We have chosen to go with modifiability and

modularity over speed of execution.

If you find bugs in the code, please report them to us. By the time you find them and

report them, we may have eliminated them, and would be able to provide you with a

fixed version. If not, we will be able to fix the bug, and would like to make the fix

available to other users.

We have chosen modifiability over speed primarily because we know that the original

version of the virtual computer was very poorly designed, except with respect to the

features that make it evolvable. Specifically, one third of the original instruction set was

taken up by stack manipulations; there were only two inter-register moves; the dx was

unused (in the initial version, dx was used to set the template size, but that has been

abandoned); there were no moves between CPU registers and RAM; there was no I/O;

and there was no way of addressing a data segment.

In August 1991, 100% of the original virtual CPU code was replaced with new code

that does essentially the same thing. However, the new code is written in a generalized

way by implementing a meta-virtual computer which makes it trivial to alter the machine

architecture. With the new implementation of the virtual computer it is possible for

anyone to painlessly swap in their favorite CPU architecture and instruction set, and their

innovation will be seamlessly embedded within the heart of the elaborate observational

software. Knowing how bad the original design was, there was a temptation to fix it when

the virtual computer was reworked, but the original implementation was retained for

historical reasons. In spite of its shortcomings, life proliferated in the environment that it

created. Things should get interesting as we improve the architecture. The new

organization of the code should make that easy.

In August of 1992, the modifications of the previous August bore fruit as three new

instruction sets were implemented. These are documented in some detail below, and in

general, eliminate most of the problems discussed above.

In early 1994, attempts to create numerous additional new instruction sets revealed

that the method of defining instruction sets was still too stiff, so the code used for

decoding the instructions was rewritten yet again, providing a much more flexible

method of instruction set definition.

The bulk of the code and documentation was written by Tom Ray, whose address is

listed at the end of this file. Substantial contributions have been made by: Dan Pirone,

cocteau@santafe.edu, who was involved in the Tierra project from the Fall of 1990

through 1992, and wrote the user interface. Tom Uffner, tom@genie.slhs.udel.edu,

reworked the genebanker and assembler/disassembler in the Fall of 1991. Marc Cygnus,

cygnus@udel.edu, developed the ALmond monitor, a separate piece of software that

displays activity in a running Tierra (see below). Kurt Thearling has been involved in the

port to the CM5, and the development of multi-cellular implementations. Since July

1996, Joe Hart has been programming full-time on the Tierra project.

The behavior of this software is described in the publications which are available on

the Tierra home page at:

http://www.hip.atr.co.jp/~ray/pubs/

The Tierra Simulator has been widely reported in the media. These publications are

listed on the Tierra home page at: http://www.hip.atr.co.jp/~ray/pubs/news/

4) Related Software (Important)

The Tierra simulator is the central piece of a growing set of programs. The accessory

programs aid in observing the results of Tierra runs. You will want to select one or both

of the following:

4.1) The Beagle Explorer

The Beagle Explorer graphically displays the output that Tierra saves to disk. Beagle

runs only on DOS systems, and while the heart of the source code is available, Beagle

uses the Greenleaf DataWindows interface, and that source can not be distributed

(available from Greenleaf Software, 16479 Dallas Parkway, Bent Tree Tower Two, Suite

570, Dallas, Texas, 75248, phone: 214-248-2561). Beagle would normally be distributed

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