LS-DYNA Version 970 关键词用户手册

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"LS-DYNA Version 970 关键词用户手册" LS-DYNA是一款高级非线性有限元分析软件，专为解决复杂的动态问题而设计，如碰撞、爆炸、流固耦合等。该软件的核心在于其关键词输入方式，这使得用户能够灵活地定义和控制模拟的各种参数。在版本970的用户手册中，首先介绍了LS-DYNA的历史发展，这表明该软件经过多次更新和改进，以适应不断变化的技术需求和用户需求。手册的I.1章节提供了一个简短的概述，可能包括软件的主要功能和增强特性。关键词输入是LS-DYNA的重要组成部分，I.16章节详细描述了如何通过关键词来设定模型参数、材料属性、边界条件等。材料模型部分（I.25）涵盖了各种物理现象的模拟，如弹性、塑性、粘性、热传导等，以满足不同类型的分析需求。I.26章节涉及空间离散化，解释了如何将连续体离散成元素网格，以进行数值计算。接触-冲击接口（I.29）是处理物体间交互的关键，如碰撞和接触力。I.30章节则可能阐述了组件分析的接口定义，允许用户分析复杂结构的相互作用。手册还提到了软件的能力（I.30）、敏感性开关控制（I.30）以及精度控制（I.31），这些都是影响模拟结果准确性和效率的重要因素。执行语法（I.31）部分详细说明了如何编写和理解LS-DYNA的指令，帮助用户编写有效的输入文件。重启分析（I.35）功能允许用户在中断后继续模拟，或在不同的时间步上进行分析。手册还涵盖了VDA/IGES数据库的使用（I.36），这些是数据交换标准，用于导入和导出几何模型。网格生成（I.36）章节讨论了如何创建和优化计算网格，以提高模拟的精确度和效率。LS-PREPOST（I.37）是LS-DYNA的前处理器，用于模型构建和后处理。执行速度（I.39）部分可能涉及软件的性能和优化技巧。手册的I.40章节开始讨论单位系统，这是确保模拟物理正确性的关键。每个关键词卡都有特定的格式，如通用卡片格式（I.40）所示。手册中的示例卡片，如*AIRBAG系列（1.1），提供了如何定义气囊模拟的指导，包括可能的选项和可选的数字标识符。 LS-DYNA Version 970的关键词用户手册是一部详尽的参考资料，旨在帮助用户充分利用该软件进行复杂的非线性动力学分析。通过深入理解和应用手册中的内容，用户可以有效地设置和运行各种工程问题的仿真。

TABLE OF CONTENTS

xvi LS-DYNA Version 970

*SECTION ........................................................................................ 26.1

*SECTION_BEAM................................................................................................... 26.2

*SECTION_DISCRETE ............................................................................................ 26.9

*SECTION_POINT_SOURCE.................................................................................. 26.12

*SECTION_POINT_SOURCE_MIXTURE................................................................. 26.14

*SECTION_SEATBELT.......................................................................................... 26.19

*SECTION_SHELL_{OPTION}................................................................................ 26.20

*SECTION_SOLID_{OPTION}................................................................................ 26.29

*SECTION_SPH.................................................................................................... 26.34

*SECTION_TSHELL.............................................................................................. 26.36

*SET ............................................................................................... 27.1

*SET_BEAM_{OPTION}........................................................................................... 27.2

*SET_DISCRETE_{OPTION}.................................................................................... 27.5

*SET_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP_LIST .................................................................. 27.8

*SET_NODE_{OPTION}........................................................................................... 27.9

*SET_PART_{OPTION}......................................................................................... 27.13

*SET_SEGMENT_{OPTION}.................................................................................. 27.16

*SET_SHELL_{OPTION}........................................................................................ 27.20

*SET_SOLID_{OPTION}........................................................................................ 27.24

*SET_TSHELL_{OPTION}...................................................................................... 27.27

*TERMINATION................................................................................. 28.1

*TERMINATION_BODY........................................................................................... 28.2

*TERMINATION_CONTACT.................................................................................... 28.3

*TERMINATION_CURVE ........................................................................................ 28.4

*TERMINATION_NODE........................................................................................... 28.5

*TITLE............................................................................................. 29.1

*TITLE................................................................................................................... 29.1

*TRANSLATE.................................................................................... 30.1

*TRANSLATE_ANSYS_OPTION .............................................................................. 30.1

*TRANSLATE_IDEAS_{OPTION}............................................................................. 30.3

*TRANSLATE_NASTRAN ....................................................................................... 30.5

*USER............................................................................................. 31.1

*USER_INTERFACE_OPTION.................................................................................. 31.1

*USER_LOADING................................................................................................... 31.3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LS-DYNA Version 970 xvii

RESTART INPUT DATA....................................................................... 32.1

*CHANGE_OPTION ................................................................................................ 32.3

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION.................................................................. 32.15

*CONTROL_SHELL.............................................................................................. 32.17

*CONTROL_TERMINATION.................................................................................. 32.19

*CONTROL_TIMESTEP ........................................................................................ 32.20

*DAMPING_GLOBAL............................................................................................ 32.21

*DATABASE_OPTION........................................................................................... 32.22

*DATABASE_BINARY_OPTION............................................................................. 32.24

*DELETE_OPTION................................................................................................ 32.25

*INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK................................................................................. 32.27

*RIGID_DEFORMABLE_OPTION........................................................................... 32.29

*STRESS_INITIALIZATION_{OPTION}................................................................... 32.32

*TERMINATION_OPTION ..................................................................................... 32.35

*TITLE................................................................................................................. 32.37

REFERENCES .................................................................................. REF.1

APPENDIX A

USER DEFINED MATERIALS................................................................................... A.1

APPENDIX B

USER DEFINED AIRBAG SENSOR ........................................................................... B.1

APPENDIX C

USER DEFINED SOLUTION CONTROL..................................................................... C.1

APPENDIX D

USER DEFINED INTERFACE CONTROL................................................................... D.1

APPENDIX E

USER DEFINED INTERFACE FRICTION................................................................... E.1

APPENDIX F

OCCUPANT SIMULATION INCLUDING COUPLING TO CAL3D AND MADYMO......... F.1

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... F.1

THE LS-DYNA/OCCUPANT SIMULATION PROGRAM LINK...................................... F.1

DUMMY MODELING............................................................................................... F.3

AIRBAG MODELING................................................................................................ F.3

KNEE BOLSTER...................................................................................................... F.4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

xviii LS-DYNA Version 970

COMMON ERRORS................................................................................................. F.5

APPENDIX G

INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS COMMANDS.................................................................. .G.1

APPENDIX H

INTERACTIVE MATERIAL MODEL DRIVER............................................................. H.1

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... H.1

INPUT DEFINITION.................................................................................................. H.1

INTERACTIVE DRIVER COMMANDS....................................................................... H.3

APPENDIX I

VDA DATABASE ...................................................................................................... I.1

APPENDIX J

COMMANDS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL REZONING................................................... J.1

REZONING COMMANDS BY FUNCTION ................................................................... J.2

APPENDIX K

RIGID BODY DUMMIES........................................................................................... K.1

APPENDIX L

LS-DYNA MPP USER GUIDE.................................................................................... L.1

APPENDIX M

IMPLICIT SOLVER ................................................................................................. M.1

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... M.1

SETTING UP AN IMPLICIT SOLVER........................................................................ M.1

LINEAR EQUATION SOLVER.................................................................................. M.2

NONLINEAR EQUATION SOLVER........................................................................... M.3

ELEMENT FORMULATIONS FOR IMPLICIT ANALYSIS........................................... M.4

APPLYING LOADS DURING IMPLICIT ANALYSIS................................................... M.4

AUTOMATIC TIME STEP SIZE CONTROL ............................................................... M.5

IMPLICIT STRESS INITIALIZATION ........................................................................ M.5

TROUBLESHOOTING CONVERGENCE PROBLEMS.................................................. M.6

APPENDIX N

UERS-WRITTEN WELD FAILURE............................................................................. N.1

INTRODUCTION

LS-DYNA Version 970 I.1 (INTRODUCTION)

LS-DYNA USER’S MANUAL

INTRODUCTION

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY

DYNA3D originated at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [Hallquist 1976] . The

early applications were primarily for the stress analysis of structures subjected to a variety of impact

loading. These applications required what was then significant computer resources, and the need for

a much faster version was immediately obvious. Part of the speed problem was related to the

inefficient implementation of the element technology which was further aggravated by the fact that

supercomputers in 1976 were much slower than today’s PC. Furthermore, the primitive sliding

interface treatment could only treat logically regular interfaces that are uncommon in most finite

element discretizations of complicated three dimensional geometries; consequently, defining a

suitable mesh for handling contact was often very difficult. The first version contained trusses,

membranes, and a choice of solid elements. The solid elements ranged from a one-point quadrature

eight-noded element with hourglass control to a twenty-noded element with eight integration points.

Due to the high cost of the twenty node solid, the zero energy modes related to the reduced 8-point

integration, and the high frequency content which drove the time step size down, higher order

elements were all but abandoned in later versions of DYNA3D. A two-dimensional version,

DYNA2D, was developed concurrently.

A new version of DYNA3D was released in 1979 that was programmed to provide near

optimal speed on the CRAY-1 supercomputers, contained an improved sliding interface treatment that

permitted triangular segments and was an order of magnitude faster than the previous contact

treatment. The 1979 version eliminated structural and higher order solid elements and some of the

material models of the first version. This version also included an optional element-wise

implementation of the integral difference method developed by Wilkins et al. [1974].

The 1981 version [Hallquist 1981a] evolved from the 1979 version. Nine additional material

models were added to allow a much broader range of problems to be modeled including explosive-

structure and soil-structure interactions. Body force loads were implemented for angular velocities

and base accelerations. A link was also established from the 3D Eulerian code, JOY [Couch, et. al.,

1983] for studying the structural response to impacts by penetrating projectiles. An option was

provided for storing element data on disk thereby doubling the capacity of DYNA3D.

The 1982 version of DYNA3D [Hallquist 1982] accepted DYNA2D [Hallquist 1980] material

input directly. The new organization was such that equations of state and constitutive models of any

complexity could be easily added. Complete vectorization of the material models had been nearly

achieved with about a 10 percent increase in execution speed over the 1981 version.

In the 1986 version of DYNA3D [Hallquist and Benson 1986], many new features were

added, including beams, shells, rigid bodies, single surface contact, interface friction, discrete

springs and dampers, optional hourglass treatments, optional exact volume integration, and VAX/

VMS, IBM, UNIX, COS operating systems compatibility, that greatly expanded its range of

applications. DYNA3D thus became the first code to have a general single surface contact algorithm.

In the 1987 version of DYNA3D [Hallquist and Benson 1987] metal forming simulations and

composite analysis became a reality. This version included shell thickness changes, the Belytschko-

Tsay shell element [Belytschko and Tsay, 1981], and dynamic relaxation. Also included were non-

INTRODUCTION

I.2 (INTRODUCTION) LS-DYNA Version 970

reflecting boundaries, user specified integration rules for shell and beam elements, a layered

composite damage model, and single point constraints.

New capabilities added in the 1988 DYNA3D [Hallquist 1988] version included a cost

effective resultant beam element, a truss element, a C

triangular shell, the BCIZ triangular shell

[Bazeley et al. 1965], mixing of element formulations in calculations, composite failure modeling for

solids, noniterative plane stress plasticity, contact surfaces with spot welds, tie break sliding

surfaces, beam surface contact, finite stonewalls, stonewall reaction forces, energy calculations for

all elements, a crushable foam constitutive model, comment cards in the input, and one-dimensional

slidelines.

By the end of 1988 it was obvious that a much more concentrated effort would be required in

the development of this software if problems in crashworthiness were to be properly solved;

therefore, Livermore Software Technology Corporation was founded to continue the development of

DYNA3D as a commercial version called LS-DYNA3D which was later shortened to LS-DYNA.

The 1989 release introduced many enhanced capabilities including a one-way treatment of slide

surfaces with voids and friction; cross-sectional forces for structural elements; an optional user

specified minimum time step size for shell elements using elastic and elastoplastic material models;

nodal accelerations in the time history database; a compressible Mooney-Rivlin material model; a

closed-form update shell plasticity model; a general rubber material model; unique penalty

specifications for each slide surface; external work tracking; optional time step criterion for 4-node

shell elements; and internal element sorting to allow full vectorization of right-hand-side force

assembly.

During the last ten years, considerable progress has been made as may be seen in the

chronology of the developments which follows.

Capabilities added in 1989-1990:

• arbitrary node and element numbers,

• fabric model for seat belts and airbags,

• composite glass model,

• vectorized type 3 contact and single surface contact,

• many more I/O options,

• all shell materials available for 8 node thick shell,

• strain rate dependent plasticity for beams,

• fully vectorized iterative plasticity,

• interactive graphics on some computers,

• nodal damping,

• shell thickness taken into account in shell type 3 contact,

• shell thinning accounted for in type 3 and type 4 contact,

• soft stonewalls,

• print suppression option for node and element data,

• massless truss elements, rivets – based on equations of rigid body dynamics,

• massless beam elements, spot welds – based on equations of rigid body dynamics,

• expanded databases with more history variables and integration points,

• force limited resultant beam,

• rotational spring and dampers, local coordinate systems for discrete elements,

• resultant plasticity for C

triangular element,

• energy dissipation calculations for stonewalls,

• hourglass energy calculations for solid and shell elements,

• viscous and Coulomb friction with arbitrary variation over surface,

• distributed loads on beam elements,

• Cowper and Symonds strain rate model,

• segmented stonewalls,

• stonewall Coulomb friction,

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