Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78:643 Page 3 of 11 643
TMD distributions is encoded in the Collins–Soper (CS) [57]
equation:
∂ ln
˜
F(x, b;μ, ζ
F
)
∂
√
ζ
F
=
˜
K (b;μ), (1)
while the μ dependence is derived from the renormalization
group equation as
d
˜
K
d lnμ
=−γ
K
(α
s
(μ)), (2)
d ln
˜
F(x, b;μ, ζ
F
)
d lnμ
= γ
F
α
s
(μ);
ζ
2
F
μ
2
, (3)
with
˜
K the CS evolution kernel, and γ
K
and γ
F
the anoma-
lous dimensions. The overall structure of the solution for
˜
F(x, b;μ, ζ
F
) is the same as that for the Sudakov form fac-
tor. More specifically, the energy evolution of TMD distribu-
tions from an initial energy μ to another energy Q is encoded
in the Sudakov-like form factor S by the exponential form
exp(−S)
˜
F(x, b, Q) = F × e
−S
×
˜
F(x, b,μ), (4)
where F is the factor related to the hard scattering. Here-
after, we will set μ =
√
ζ
F
= Q and express
˜
F(x, b;μ =
Q,ζ
F
= Q
2
) as
˜
F(x, b; Q) for simplicity.
Studying the b-dependence of the TMD distributions can
provide useful information regarding the transverse momen-
tum dependence of the hadronic 3D structure through Fourier
transformation, which makes the understanding of the b
dependence quite important. In the small b region, the b
dependence is perturbatively calculable, while in the large b
region, the dependence turns to nonperturbative and should
be obtained from the experimental data. To combine the per-
turbative information at small b with the nonperturbative part
at large b, a matching procedure must be introduced with a
parameter b
max
serving as the boundary between the two
regions. A b-dependent function b
∗
is defined to have the
property b
∗
≈ b at low values of b and b
∗
≈ b
max
at large b
values. The typical value of b
max
is chosen around 1 GeV
−1
to guarantee that b
∗
is always in the perturbative region. There
are several different b
∗
prescriptions in literature [72,73]. In
this work we adopt the original prescription introduced in
Ref. [56]asb
∗
= b/
1 + b
2
/b
2
max
.
In the small b region 1/Q b 1/, the TMD distribu-
tions at fixed energy μ can be expressed as the convolution of
the perturbatively calculable hard coefficients and the corre-
sponding collinear counterparts, which could be the collinear
PDFs or the multiparton correlation functions [55,74]
˜
F
q/H
(x, b;μ) =
i
C
q←i
⊗ F
i/H
(x,μ), (5)
where ⊗stands for the convolution in the momentum fraction
x
C
q←i
⊗ F
i/H
(x,μ)≡
1
x
dξ
ξ
C
q←i
(x/ξ, b;μ)F
i/H
(ξ, μ)
(6)
and F
i/H
(ξ, μ) is the corresponding collinear counterpart of
flavor i in hadron H at the energy scale μ, which could be a
dynamic scale related to b
∗
by μ
b
= c
0
/b
∗
, with c
0
= 2e
−γ
E
and the Euler Constant γ
E
≈ 0.577 [55].
The Sudakov-like form factor S in Eq. (4) can be separated
into the perturbatively calculable part S
P
and the nonpertur-
bative part S
NP
S = S
P
+ S
NP
. (7)
According to the studies in Refs. [65,75–78], the perturbative
part of the Sudakov form factor S
P
has the same result in
Eq. (8) among different kinds of distribution functions, i.e.,
S
P
is spin-independent. The perturbative part has the form
S
P
(Q, b
∗
) =
Q
2
μ
2
b
d ¯μ
2
¯μ
2
A(α
s
( ¯μ))ln
Q
2
¯μ
2
+ B(α
s
( ¯μ))
.
(8)
The coefficients A and B in Eq. (8) can be expanded as the
series of α
s
/π:
A =
∞
n=1
A
(n)
α
s
π
n
, (9)
B =
∞
n=1
B
(n)
α
s
π
n
. (10)
In this work, we will take A
(n)
to A
(2)
and B
(n)
to B
(1)
in the
accuracy of next-to-leading-logarithmic (NLL) order [56,62,
75,77,79,80]:
A
(1)
= C
F
, (11)
A
(2)
=
C
F
2
C
A
67
18
−
π
2
6
−
10
9
T
R
n
f
, (12)
B
(1)
=−
3
2
C
F
. (13)
The values of the strong coupling α
s
(μ) are obtained at 2-
loop order as an approximation
α
s
(μ) =
12π
(33 − 2n
f
)ln(μ
2
/
2
QCD
)
×
1 −
6(153 − 19n
f
)
(33 − 2n
f
)
2
lnln(μ
2
/
2
QCD
)
ln(μ
2
/
2
QCD
)
, (14)
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