Django 1.5官方手册：入门指南与数据模型详解

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本资源是Django 1.5手册，由Django Software Foundation发布于2013年7月25日，旨在提供关于Django框架全方位的知识。Django是一个流行的高级Web开发框架，它专注于快速、高效地构建动态网站和复杂应用。 1. **获取帮助** - 遇到问题时，手册建议首先查阅常见问题解答（FAQ），解决许多基础问题。 - 对特定信息感兴趣？可以使用genindex（索引）或详细的目录来查找，同时不要忽视邮件列表Archives中的讨论和django-users邮件列表。 - 在社区中寻求帮助，可以通过IRC频道提问，或搜索聊天记录以确认问题是否已讨论过。 - 发现错误或需求改进的地方，可在Django的官方ticket tracker提交bug报告。 2. **入门指南** - 对于初次接触Django或编程的新手，手册提供了从头开始的指南，包括： - 从零开始：概述和安装步骤，确保对框架有一个基本的理解。 - 官方教程：分为六部分，涵盖了Django的基本概念、设置项目、数据库操作、视图、模板和表单等核心概念的实践应用。 - 进阶教程：如何编写可重用的应用和参与Django项目的贡献，如编写自定义模块和贡献代码修改。 3. **模型层** - 模型层是Django的核心组件，它负责数据结构的抽象和管理。学习内容包括： - **模型语法**：了解如何定义模型类，以及如何声明字段类型，如CharField、IntegerField等。 - **字段类型**：介绍不同类型的字段，以及它们在数据存储和查询中的角色。 - **Meta选项**：模型元类提供了定制化设置，如定义数据库表名、约束和字段关系。 - **查询集（QuerySets）**：查询集是与模型关联的，用于执行数据库查询并操作结果集的方法集，包括常用的过滤、排序和分页功能。 - **模型实例与数据库交互**：模型对象与数据库之间的交互，如保存、删除和更新操作。 4. **其他主题** - 手册还涉及其他主题，例如URL路由、视图函数、模板系统、表单处理、管理站点等，这些都是构建完整Web应用的重要组成部分。通过阅读这份详细的Django 1.5手册，开发者可以逐步掌握Django框架的各个方面，无论是初学者还是进阶用户，都能从中找到所需的信息和指导。

Django Documentation, Release 1.5.1

2.1.8 This is just the surface

This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:

• A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.

• A syndication framework that makes creating RSS and Atom feeds as easy as writing a small Python class.

• More sexy automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.

The next obvious steps are for you to download Django, read the tutorial and join the community. Thanks for your

interest!

2.2 Quick install guide

Before you can use Django, you’ll need to get it installed. We have a complete installation guide that covers all

the possibilities; this guide will guide you to a simple, minimal installation that’ll work while you walk through the

introduction.

2.2.1 Install Python

Being a Python Web framework, Django requires Python. It works with any Python version from 2.6.5 to 2.7. It also

features experimental support for versions 3.2 and 3.3. All these versions of Python include a lightweight database

called SQLite so you won’t need to set up a database just yet.

Get Python at http://www.python.org. If you’re running Linux or Mac OS X, you probably already have it installed.

Django on Jython

If you use Jython (a Python implementation for the Java platform), you’ll need to follow a few additional steps. See

Running Django on Jython for details.

You can verify that Python is installed by typing python from your shell; you should see something like:

Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Dec 26 2010, 22:31:48)

[GCC 4.4.5] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

2.2.2 Set up a database

This step is only necessary if you’d like to work with a “large” database engine like PostgreSQL, MySQL, or Oracle.

To install such a database, consult the database installation information.

2.2.3 Remove any old versions of Django

If you are upgrading your installation of Django from a previous version, you will need to uninstall the old Django

version before installing the new version.

12 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 1.5.1

2.2.4 Install Django

You’ve got three easy options to install Django:

• Install a version of Django provided by your operating system distribution. This is the quickest option for those

who have operating systems that distribute Django.

• Install an ofﬁcial release. This is the best approach for users who want a stable version number and aren’t

concerned about running a slightly older version of Django.

• Install the latest development version. This is best for users who want the latest-and-greatest features and aren’t

afraid of running brand-new code.

Always refer to the documentation that corresponds to the version of Django you’re using!

If you do either of the ﬁrst two steps, keep an eye out for parts of the documentation marked new in development

version. That phrase ﬂags features that are only available in development versions of Django, and they likely won’t

work with an ofﬁcial release.

2.2.5 Verifying

To verify that Django can be seen by Python, type python from your shell. Then at the Python prompt, try to import

Django:

>>> import django

>>> print(django.get_version())

1.5

You may have another version of Django installed.

2.2.6 That’s it!

That’s it – you can now move onto the tutorial.

2.3 Writing your ﬁrst Django app, part 1

Let’s learn by example.

Throughout this tutorial, we’ll walk you through the creation of a basic poll application.

It’ll consist of two parts:

• A public site that lets people view polls and vote in them.

• An admin site that lets you add, change and delete polls.

We’ll assume you have Django installed already. You can tell Django is installed and which version by running the

following command:

python -c "import django; print(django.get_version())"

If Django is installed, you should see the version of your installation. If it isn’t, you’ll get an error telling “No module

named django”.

This tutorial is written for Django 1.5 and Python 2.x. If the Django version doesn’t match, you can refer to the tutorial

for your version of Django or update Django to the newest version. If you are using Python 3.x, be aware that your

2.3. Writing your ﬁrst Django app, part 1 13

Django Documentation, Release 1.5.1

code may need to differ from what is in the tutorial and you should continue using the tutorial only if you know what

you are doing with Python 3.x.

See How to install Django for advice on how to remove older versions of Django and install a newer one.

Where to get help:

If you’re having trouble going through this tutorial, please post a message to django-users or drop by #django on

irc.freenode.net to chat with other Django users who might be able to help.

2.3.1 Creating a project

If this is your ﬁrst time using Django, you’ll have to take care of some initial setup. Namely, you’ll need to auto-

generate some code that establishes a Django project – a collection of settings for an instance of Django, including

database conﬁguration, Django-speciﬁc options and application-speciﬁc settings.

From the command line, cd into a directory where you’d like to store your code, then run the following command:

django-admin.py startproject mysite

This will create a mysite directory in your current directory. If it didn’t work, see Problems running django-

admin.py.

Note: You’ll need to avoid naming projects after built-in Python or Django components. In particular, this means

you should avoid using names like django (which will conﬂict with Django itself) or test (which conﬂicts with a

built-in Python package).

Where should this code live?

If your background is in plain old PHP (with no use of modern frameworks), you’re probably used to putting code

under the Web server’s document root (in a place such as /var/www). With Django, you don’t do that. It’s not a

good idea to put any of this Python code within your Web server’s document root, because it risks the possibility that

people may be able to view your code over the Web. That’s not good for security.

Put your code in some directory outside of the document root, such as /home/mycode.

Let’s look at what startproject created:

mysite/

manage.py

mysite/

__init__.py

settings.py

urls.py

wsgi.py

Doesn’t match what you see?

The default project layout recently changed. If you’re seeing a “ﬂat” layout (with no inner mysite/ directory),

you’re probably using a version of Django that doesn’t match this tutorial version. You’ll want to either switch to the

older tutorial or the newer Django version.

These ﬁles are:

14 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 1.5.1

• The outer mysite/ root directory is just a container for your project. Its name doesn’t matter to Django; you

can rename it to anything you like.

• manage.py: A command-line utility that lets you interact with this Django project in various ways. You can

read all the details about manage.py in django-admin.py and manage.py.

• The inner mysite/ directory is the actual Python package for your project. Its name is the Python package

name you’ll need to use to import anything inside it (e.g. mysite.urls).

• mysite/__init__.py: An empty ﬁle that tells Python that this directory should be considered a Python

package. (Read more about packages in the ofﬁcial Python docs if you’re a Python beginner.)

• mysite/settings.py: Settings/conﬁguration for this Django project. Django settings will tell you all

about how settings work.

• mysite/urls.py: The URL declarations for this Django project; a “table of contents” of your Django-

powered site. You can read more about URLs in URL dispatcher.

• mysite/wsgi.py: An entry-point for WSGI-compatible webservers to serve your project. See How to

deploy with WSGI for more details.

The development server

Let’s verify this worked. Change into the outer mysite directory, if you haven’t already, and run the command

python manage.py runserver. You’ll see the following output on the command line:

Validating models...

0 errors found

July 25, 2013 - 15:50:53

Django version 1.5, using settings ’mysite.settings’

Development server is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000/

Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

You’ve started the Django development server, a lightweight Web server written purely in Python. We’ve included this

with Django so you can develop things rapidly, without having to deal with conﬁguring a production server – such as

Apache – until you’re ready for production.

Now’s a good time to note: Don’t use this server in anything resembling a production environment. It’s intended only

for use while developing. (We’re in the business of making Web frameworks, not Web servers.)

Now that the server’s running, visit http://127.0.0.1:8000/ with your Web browser. You’ll see a “Welcome to Django”

page, in pleasant, light-blue pastel. It worked!

Changing the port

By default, the runserver command starts the development server on the internal IP at port 8000.

If you want to change the server’s port, pass it as a command-line argument. For instance, this command starts the

server on port 8080:

python manage.py runserver 8080

If you want to change the server’s IP, pass it along with the port. So to listen on all public IPs (useful if you want to

show off your work on other computers), use:

python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

Full docs for the development server can be found in the runserver reference.

2.3. Writing your ﬁrst Django app, part 1 15

Django Documentation, Release 1.5.1

Database setup

Now, edit mysite/settings.py. It’s a normal Python module with module-level variables representing Django

settings. Change the following keys in the DATABASES ’default’ item to match your database connection settings.

• ENGINE – Either ’django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2’,

’django.db.backends.mysql’, ’django.db.backends.sqlite3’ or

’django.db.backends.oracle’. Other backends are also available.

• NAME – The name of your database. If you’re using SQLite, the database will be a ﬁle on your computer; in

that case, NAME should be the full absolute path, including ﬁlename, of that ﬁle. If the ﬁle doesn’t exist, it will

automatically be created when you synchronize the database for the ﬁrst time (see below).

When specifying the path, always use forward slashes, even on Windows (e.g.

C:/homes/user/mysite/sqlite3.db).

• USER – Your database username (not used for SQLite).

• PASSWORD – Your database password (not used for SQLite).

• HOST – The host your database is on. Leave this as an empty string (or possibly 127.0.0.1) if your database

server is on the same physical machine (not used for SQLite). See HOST for details.

If you’re new to databases, we recommend simply using SQLite by setting ENGINE to

’django.db.backends.sqlite3’ and NAME to the place where you’d like to store the database. SQLite is

included in Python, so you won’t need to install anything else to support your database.

Note: If you’re using PostgreSQL or MySQL, make sure you’ve created a database by this point. Do that with

“CREATE DATABASE database_name;” within your database’s interactive prompt.

If you’re using SQLite, you don’t need to create anything beforehand - the database ﬁle will be created automatically

when it is needed.

While you’re editing settings.py, set TIME_ZONE to your time zone. The default value is the Central time zone

in the U.S. (Chicago).

Also, note the INSTALLED_APPS setting toward the bottom of the ﬁle. That holds the names of all Django appli-

cations that are activated in this Django instance. Apps can be used in multiple projects, and you can package and

distribute them for use by others in their projects.

By default, INSTALLED_APPS contains the following apps, all of which come with Django:

• django.contrib.auth – An authentication system.

• django.contrib.contenttypes – A framework for content types.

• django.contrib.sessions – A session framework.

• django.contrib.sites – A framework for managing multiple sites with one Django installation.

• django.contrib.messages – A messaging framework.

• django.contrib.staticfiles – A framework for managing static ﬁles.

These applications are included by default as a convenience for the common case.

Each of these applications makes use of at least one database table, though, so we need to create the tables in the

database before we can use them. To do that, run the following command:

python manage.py syncdb

16 Chapter 2. Getting started

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