现代光通信的数字处理与相干接收技术

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"Digital Processing Optical Transmission and Coherent Receiving Technique" 光学传输与相干接收技术是现代光纤通信领域的重要组成部分，特别是在实现超高速信息传输和全球互联网容量提升方面发挥了关键作用。近年来，通过光域中的相干混合和数字域的处理，采用超高采样率的先进接收技术取得了显著进步。这些技术的进步使光波携带信息的相干接收系统进入了新的阶段。 "Digital Processing Optical Transmission and Coherent Receiving Techniques" 是一本专注于这一领域的著作，由Le Nguyen Binh编著，他是一位在华为欧洲研究中心工作的专家。本书深入探讨了现代相干接收技术在光学传输中的应用以及现代数字光学通信的基本原理。书中涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **相干接收技术**：相干接收是利用光的相位和幅度信息进行信号检测的方法，它可以显著提高光通信系统的灵敏度和频谱效率。这种技术涉及复杂的信号处理，包括载波恢复、相位噪声抑制和干扰消除。 2. **数字信号处理**：在光通信中，数字信号处理（DSP）用于改善信号质量，实现误码率降低和系统性能优化。这包括高级算法如快速傅里叶变换（FFT）、自适应均衡器和符号定时恢复。 3. **超高速采样**：随着光纤通信速度的不断提升，采样率必须相应提高以保持信号完整性。超高速采样技术允许捕获和处理更宽的频率范围，从而支持更高的数据速率。 4. **光学相干传输**：这是一种利用光源的相干性来编码和解码信息的技术。它通常结合使用光相位调制和光强度调制，可以实现长距离、高容量的通信。 5. **MATLAB®和Simulink®模型**：书中的实例和模拟可能利用MATLAB和Simulink工具，帮助读者理解和模拟光学通信系统的复杂行为，提供直观的可视化和设计方法。 6. **光纤通信系统理论与实践**：除了相干接收，本书还涵盖了光纤通信的基础，如信道建模、信号衰减、光纤的非线性效应以及色散管理。 7. **光子学应用**：书中可能涉及光子学的基本原理和应用，包括光波导、光子晶体和光纤器件的设计与制造。 8. **非线性光学系统**：在高功率传输或密集波分复用（DWDM）系统中，非线性光学效应如四波混频（FWM）和受激布里渊散射（SBS）是重要的考虑因素，本书可能讨论如何管理和利用这些现象。 9. **无线和有线电磁学**：书中也可能涵盖电磁波在自由空间和引导介质中的传播特性，这对于理解光纤通信的物理基础至关重要。 10. **光导光学与光电子设备**：这部分内容可能深入到光纤和光电子组件的设计和功能，包括光源、光电探测器和光调制器等。通过阅读本书，读者将能够了解和掌握相干接收技术的核心概念，以及它们在构建未来超高速、大容量全球网络中的作用。无论是研究人员、工程师还是学生，都能从中受益，为他们在光学通信领域的进一步研究和实践提供坚实的基础。

Preface

Optical communication technology has been extensively developed over the

last 50 years, since the proposed idea by Kao and Hockham [1]. However, only

during the last 15 years have the concepts of communication foundation, that

is, the modulation and demodulation techniques, been applied. This is pos-

sible due to processing signals using real and imaginary components in the

baseband in the digital domain. The baseband signals can be recovered from

the optical passband region using polarization and phase diversity tech-

niques, as well as technology that was developed in the mid-1980s.

The principal thrust in the current technique and technology differs dis-

tinctively in the processing of baseband signals in the discrete/sampled digi-

tal domain with the aid of ultra-high-speed digital signal processors and

analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. Hence, algorithms are

required for such digital processing systems.

Over the years, we have also witnessed intensive development of digital

signal processing algorithms for receivers in wireless transceivers, and espe-

cially in band-limited transmission lines to support high-speed data com-

munications [2] for the Internet in its early development phase.

We have now witnessed applications and further development of the algo-

rithms from wireless and digital modems to signal processing in lightwave

coherent systems and networks. This book is written to introduce this new

and important development direction of optical communication technology.

Currently, many research groups and equipment manufacturers are attempt-

ing to produce real-time processors for practical deployment of these DSP-

based coherent transmission systems. Thus, in the near future, there will be

new and signicant expansion of this technology due to demands for more

effective and memory-efcient algorithms in real time. Therefore, the author

believes that there will be new books addressing these coming techniques

and technological developments.

This book is organized into seven chapters. Chapter 1 gives an introduc-

tion and overview of the development of lightwave communication tech-

niques from intensity modulation direct detection, to coherent modulation

and detection in the early stage (1980s), to self-homodyne coherent in the last

decade of the 20th century, and then current digital signal processing tech-

niques in coherent homodyne reception systems for long-haul nondispersion

compensating multispan optical links. Thus, a view of the ber transmission

property is given in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 then discusses the optical modula-

tion technique using external modulators, especially the modulation of the

inphase and quadrature phase components of the quadrature amplitude

modulation scheme.

xvi Preface

Chapters 4 and 5 then introduce optical coherent reception techniques

and technological development in association with digital signal proces-

sors. Optical phase locking of the local oscillator and the channel carrier is

also important for performance improvement of reception sensitivity, and is

described in Chapter 5.

Chapters 6 and 7 present digital processing algorithms and their related

performances of some important transmission systems, especially those

employing quadrature modulation schemes, which are considered to be the

most effective ones for noncompensating ber multispan links.

Further, the author would like to point out that the classical term “syn-

chronization systems” employed some decades ago can now be used in its

true sense to refer to DSP-based coherent reception transmission systems.

Synchronization refers to processing at the receiver side of a communica-

tions systems link, in order to recover optimal sampling times and compen-

sate for frequency and phase offsets of the mixing of the modulated channel

and local oscillator carriers, induced by the physical layers and transmission

medium. In digital optical communications, designs of synchronization algo-

rithms are quite challenging due to their ultrahigh symbol rates, ultrahigh

sampling rates, minimal memory storage and power consumptions, strin-

gent latency constraints, and hardware deciencies. These difculties are

coupled with the impairments induced by other nonlinear physical effects

in the linearly polarized guided modes of the single-mode bers, when more

wavelength channels are multiplexed to increase transmission capacity.

Recently, there have been published works on synchronization algorithms

for the digital coherent optical communications systems, with some of these

aspects touched upon in this book, but still, little is known about the optimal

functionality and design of these DSP-based algorithms due to impacts of

synchronization error. We thus expect extensive research on these aspects

in the near future.

Finally, higher-order spectra techniques, a multidimensional spectrum

of signals with amplitude and phase distribution for processing in optical

coherent receivers, are introduced.

The author wishes to thank his colleagues at Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd. for discussions and exchanges of processing techniques in analytical

and experimental works during the time that he worked in several fruit-

ful projects of advanced optical transmission systems. He also acknowl-

edges the initial development phases of major research projects funded by

the Australian Industry R&D Grant, involving development of DSP-based

algorithms with colleagues of CSIRO Australia and Ausanda Pty. Ltd. of

Melbourne, Australia. A number of his former PhD and undergraduate stu-

dents of Monash University of Melbourne, Australia have also contributed

to discussions and learning about processing algorithms for the minimum

shift keying self-heterodyne reception.

Last but not least, the author thanks his family for their understanding

during the time that he spent compiling the chapters of the book. He also

xix

Author

Le Nguyen Binh earned his BE(Hons) and

PhD degrees in electronic engineering and

integrated photonics in 1975 and 1978, respec-

tively, both from the University of Western

Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia. In

1980, he joined the Department of Electrical

Engineering of Monash University after

spending 3 years as a research scientist with

CSIRO Australia.

Dr. Binh has worked on several major advanced world-class projects, espe-

cially the Multi-Tb/s and 100G-400G DWDM optical transmission systems

and transport networks, employing both direct and coherent detection tech-

niques. He has worked for the Department of Optical Communications of

Siemens AG Central Research Laboratories in Munich, Germany, and the

Advanced Technology Centre of Nortel Networks in Harlow, England.

He was the Tan-Chin Tuan Professorial Fellow of Nanyang Technological

University of Singapore. He was also a professorial fellow at the Faculty of

Engineering of Christian Albretchs University in Kiel, Germany.

Dr. Binh has authored and coauthored more than 250 papers in leading

journals and refereed conferences, and 7 books in the eld of photonics

and digital optical communications. His current research interests are in

advanced modulation formats for superchannel long-haul optical transmis-

sion, electronic equalization techniques for optical transmission systems,

ultrashort pulse lasers and photonic signal processing, optical transmission

systems, and network engineering.

Dr. Binh has developed and taught several courses in engineering, such

as Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, Physical Electronics, Small-

Signal Electronics, Large-Signal Electronics, Signals and Systems, Signal

Processing, Digital Systems, Micro-Computer Systems, Electromagnetism,

Wireless and Guided Wave Electromagnetics, Communications Theory,

Coding and Communications, Optical Communications, Advanced Optical

Fiber Communications, Advanced Photonics, Integrated Photonics, and Fiber

Optics. He has also led several courses and curriculum development in elec-

trical and electronic engineering (EEE), and joint courses in physics and EEE.

In January 2011, he joined the European Research Center of Huawei Co.

Ltd., working on several engineering aspects of 100G, Tb/s long-haul, and

metro-coherent optical transmission networks. He is also the series editor

for Optics and Photonics for CRC Press and chairs Commission D (Electronics

and Photonics) of the National Committee of Radio Sciences of the Australian

Academy of Sciences.

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