"0qhesby大学_英语自学教程电子版教材上册.pdf：成功学习英语的关键"

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The "0qhesby大学_英语自学教程电子版教材上册.pdf" is a comprehensive self-study guide for learning English. In this guide, the author emphasizes the importance of believing that there is a way to learn a new language. The quote "the kingdom of heaven is trying to enter" from the ancients underscores the idea that learning a language requires perseverance and dedication. The guide begins by addressing the common misconception that learning a language is easy, stating that even adults find it to be a difficult task. However, the author encourages readers to adopt a step-by-step approach and to believe that they can achieve success in learning English. The self-study guide provides practical tips and techniques for becoming a successful language learner. It covers topics such as setting realistic goals, developing good study habits, and using language learning tools effectively. The guide also emphasizes the importance of practice and perseverance, stating that only through dedicated effort can one truly achieve fluency in a new language. Overall, the "0qhesby大学_英语自学教程电子版教材上册.pdf" offers a comprehensive and practical approach to learning English. It encourages readers to believe in their ability to learn a new language and provides valuable insights and strategies for becoming successful language learners. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced language learner, this guide is a valuable resource for anyone looking to improve their English language skills.

04-B. Short-term Memory

There are two kinds of memory: shore-term and long-term. Information in long-term

memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days

or weeks. Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking

exam often have this experience. In contrast, information in shore-term memory is kept for only

a few seconds, usually by repeating the information over and over. For example, you look up a

number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If

someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. In laboratory studies, subjects are

unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the

letters to themselves.

Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two

experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.

Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a

cage for the rat and three doors, There was a light in each door. First the rat was placed in the

closed cage. Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at

this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released

from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there.

Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The

rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the

rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter's results

show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.

Later, Dr. Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language

remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of

California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English; beginning,

intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.

To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in

English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they

remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard

in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather,

whether, wither, and wetter are four words that sound alike. Some of the questions had four

choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words

with the same meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance, weather, method,

love, and result could be used as four unrelated words. Finally the subjects took a language

proficiency test.

Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their

mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their

mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning ‘ s results suggest that beginning

students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced students hold the

meaning of words in their short-term memory.

05-A. Fallacies about Food

Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good

qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make

them run as fast as the deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown

bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were

eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.

Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power

could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were

believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make

people who ate them fall in love.

Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous.

How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that

millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.

Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very

widespread.

One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just as it is good

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