XHTML2.0规范指南：设计通用网络文档语言

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XHTML2.0手册是一份由W3C（万维网联盟）发布的官方工作草案，发布日期为2004年7月22日。这份手册旨在提供一种通用的标记语言，适用于在万维网上广泛使用的各种文档表示。它的设计目标不是包罗万象，满足所有可能的标记用法，而是侧重于提供一套通用且实用的元素集，以适应不同应用场景的需求。 XHTML2.0的主要编辑团队包括Jonny Axelsson（Opera软件）、Beth Epperson（Netscape/AOL）、Masayasu Ishikawa（W3C）、Shane McCarron（Applied Testing and Technology）以及Ann Navarro（WebGeek, Inc.）和Steven Pemberton（HTML Working Group Chair）。手册提供了一系列非规范格式供读者选择，包括单一XHTML文件、PostScript版本、PDF版本、压缩的ZIP和Gzip'd TAR存档。文档的状态部分明确了这是W3C的一个工作草稿，这意味着它可能还在不断更新和完善过程中，不具有推荐标准的地位。这意味着开发者可以参考它来了解XHTML2.0的最新特性和用法，但某些特性可能还未被广泛采纳或可能存在变动。在XHTML2.0中，用户可以期待找到关于如何构建结构化的网页文档的指导，包括对HTML5元素的扩展和改进，以及对CSS（层叠样式表）的整合，这使得开发者能够创建更高效、语义化和可访问性更好的网页。学习和遵循这个手册，开发者可以确保他们的网站符合现代Web技术的最佳实践，并在跨浏览器环境中保持一致的表现。然而，由于是工作草案，开发者在实际项目中使用时需注意可能存在的不稳定性和未定义的行为。随着W3C对XHTML2.0的进一步发展和标准化，最终版可能会有所调整，因此保持对最新更新的关注和参与社区讨论是很重要的。XHTML2.0手册是理解和应用现代Web开发技术的重要资源，对于提升网页设计和开发人员的技术素养具有关键价值。

document entity ("internal entities") or external to the document entity ("external entities"). In

parsed entities, the replacement text may include references to other entities.

entity reference

a mnemonic string used as a reference to the content of a declared entity (e.g., "&" for

"&", "<" for "<", "©" for "©".)

facilities

Facilities are elements, attributes, and the semantics associated with those elements and

attributes.

generic identifier

the name identifying the element type of an element. Also, element type name.

hybrid document

A hybrid document is a document that uses more than one XML namespace. Hybrid

documents may be defined as documents that contain elements or attributes from hybrid

document types.

instantiate

to replace an entity reference with an instance of its declared content.

markup declaration

a syntactical construct within a DTD declaring an entity or defining a markup structure.

Within XML DTDs, there are four specific types: entity declaration defines the binding

between a mnemonic symbol and its replacement content; element declaration constrains

which element types may occur as descendants within an element (see also content

model); attribute definition list declaration defines the set of attributes for a given element

type, and may also establish type constraints and default values; notation declaration

defines the binding between a notation name and an external identifier referencing the

format of an unparsed entity.

markup model

the markup vocabulary (i.e., the gamut of element and attribute names, notations, etc.) and

grammar (i.e., the prescribed use of that vocabulary) as defined by a document type

definition (i.e., a schema) The markup model is the concrete representation in markup

syntax of the document model, and may be defined with varying levels of strict conformity.

The same document model may be expressed by a variety of markup models.

module

an abstract unit within a document model expressed as a DTD fragment, used to

consolidate markup declarations to increase the flexibility, modifiability, reuse and

understanding of specific logical or semantic structures.

modularization

an implementation of a modularization model; the process of composing or de-composing a

DTD by dividing its markup declarations into units or groups to support specific goals.

Modules may or may not exist as separate file entities (i.e., the physical and logical

structures of a DTD may mirror each other, but there is no such requirement).

modularization model

the abstract design of the document type definition (DTD) in support of the modularization

goals, such as reuse, extensibility, expressiveness, ease of documentation, code size,

consistency and intuitiveness of use. It is important to note that a modularization model is

only orthogonally related to the document model it describes, so that two very different

modularization models may describe the same document type.

- 16 -

XHTML 2.02. Terms and Definitions

<!DOCTYPE

html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 2.0//EN"

"TBD">

Here is an example of an XHTML 2.0 document.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 2.0//EN"

"TBD">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2002/06/xhtml2"

xml:lang="en"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2002/06/xhtml2 TBD"

<head>

<title>Virtual Library</title>

</head>

<body>

<p>Moved to <a href="http://vlib.org/">vlib.org</a>.</p>

</body>

</html>

Note that in this example, the XML declaration is included. An XML declaration like the one

above is not required in all XML documents. XHTML document authors are strongly encouraged

to use XML declarations in all their documents. Such a declaration is required when the

character encoding of the document is other than the default UTF-8 or UTF-16 and no encoding

was determined by a higher-level protocol.

3.2. XHTML Family User Agent Conformance

A conforming user agent must meet all of the following criteria:

1. The user agent must parse and evaluate an XHTML 2 document for well-formedness. If the

user agent claims to be a validating user agent, it must also validate documents against a

referenced schema according to [XML [p.226] ].

2. When the user agent claims to support facilities defined within this specification or required

by this specification through normative reference, it must do so in ways consistent with the

facilities’ definition.

3. When a user agent processes an XHTML 2 document as generic XML, it shall only

recognize attributes of type ID (e.g., the id attribute on most XHTML 2 elements) as

fragment identifiers.

4. If a user agent encounters an element it does not recognize, it must continue to process the

content of that element.

5. If a user agent encounters an attribute it does not recognize, it must ignore the entire

attribute specification (i.e., the attribute and its value).

6. If a user agent encounters an attribute value it doesn’t recognize, it must use the default

attribute value.

7. If it encounters an entity reference (other than one of the predefined entities) for which the

user agent has processed no declaration (which could happen if the declaration is in the

external subset which the user agent hasn’t read), the entity reference should be rendered

- 20 -

XHTML 2.03.2. XHTML Family User Agent Conformance

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