微共振器/ZBLAN光纤混合系统中的可见拉曼与布里渊激光器

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"这篇科研论文探讨了一种新型的可见光拉曼(Raman)和布里渊(Brillouin)激光器，它基于高质量的微共振器/ZBLAN光纤混合系统。研究人员通过将微共振器与分布式布拉格反射器/光纤布拉格光栅结合形成法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot)光纤腔，并利用掺镨的ZBLAN光纤作为增益介质，实现在紧凑的混合系统中产生可见光拉曼和布里渊激光。" 在光学和激光技术领域，这篇论文提出了一个创新的方法来实现可见光拉曼和布里渊激光。通常，基于高品质因数（高-Q）的 Whispering Gallery Mode Microresonator（WGMR，微共振腔）的拉曼和布里渊激光器需要使用可调谐的单频激光器作为泵浦源。然而，本文的研究人员通过一种不同的方式实现了这一目标。他们采用了一个由硅微球构成的高-Q 微共振器，这种微球能提供瑞利散射诱导的背向反射，在法布里-珀罗光纤腔中形成约635纳米的红色激光振荡。同时，他们引入了ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF（ZBLAN）光纤，这是一种具有优良非线性特性的氟化物光纤。ZBLAN光纤以其良好的光谱稳定性、宽的工作波长范围以及对红外光的良好传输性能而著名，特别适合于激光应用。此外，论文中提到的掺镨的ZBLAN光纤作为增益介质，是因为掺杂离子（如镨）可以提供额外的光放大，从而促进激光的产生。这种光纤增益介质与微共振器的结合，使得整个系统能够在没有单独泵浦激光源的情况下，仍然能够产生拉曼和布里渊激光。拉曼激光是通过分子的振动模式改变光的频率，而布里渊激光则是通过声子（晶体内振动的量子）与光子相互作用来改变光的频率。这两种激光器在光纤通信、传感器技术、光谱学以及高级光学研究中都有重要应用。这项工作展示了在微尺度系统中集成复杂激光机制的潜力，可能为未来小型化、高效的光子设备设计提供新的思路。实验的成功不仅意味着在可见光区域可以实现更灵活的激光控制，而且也为高精度的光学测量和光学通信系统开辟了新的可能性。

Visible Raman and Brillouin lasers from a

microresonator/ZBLAN-fiber hybrid system

SHUISEN JIANG,CHANGLEI GUO,KAIJUN CHE,ZHENGQIAN LUO,TUANJIE DU,HONGYAN FU,

UIYING XU, AND ZHIPING CAI*

Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

*Corresponding author: zpcai@xmu.edu.cn

Received 8 November 2018; revised 6 January 2019; accepted 13 March 2019; posted 14 March 2019 (Doc. ID 351318); published 29 April 2019

Raman and Brillouin lasers based on a high-quality (high-Q) whispering gallery mode microresonator (WGMR)

are usually achieved by employing a tunable single-frequency laser as a pump source. Here, we experimentally

demonstrate visible Raman and Brillouin lasers using a comp act microresonator/ZrF

−BaF

−LaF

−AlF

−NaF

(ZBLAN)-fiber hybrid system by incorporating a WGMR with a fiber-compatible distributed Bragg reflector/

fiber Bragg grating to form a Fabry– Perot (F-P) fiber cavity and using a piece of Pr:ZBLAN fiber as gain medium.

The high-Q silica-microsphere not only offers a Rayleigh-scattering-induced backreflection to form the ∼ 635 nm

red laser oscillation in the F-P fiber cavity, but also prov ides a nonlinear gain in the WGMR itself to generate

either stimulated Raman scattering or stimulated Brillouin scattering. Up to six-order cascaded Raman lasers at

0.65 μm, 0.67 μm, 0.69 μm, 0.71 μm, 0.73 μm, and 0.76 μm are achieved, respectively. Moreover, a Brillouin

laser at 635.54 nm is clearly observed. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of visible

microresonator-based lasers created by combining a Pr:ZBLAN fiber. This structure can effectively extend the

laser wavelength in the WGMR to the visible waveband and may find potential applications in underwater

communication, biomedical diagnosis, microwave generation, and spectroscopy.

https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.7.000566

1. INTRODUCTION

Benefiting from high-quality (high-Q)-factor resonance and

low mode volume (V ), the light–matter interaction with a

figure of merit Q∕V can be significantly enhanced in whisper-

ing gallery mode microresonators (WGMRs) [1]. Many appli-

cations or scientific studies, such as low-threshold microlasers,

highly sensitive optical detection, optomechanics, and nonlin-

ear optics, have been widely explored in recent decades [2–6].

In particular, stimulated nonlinear phenomena, such as stimu-

lated Raman scattering (SRS) [7–16], stimulated Brillouin scat -

tering (SBS) [17–19], and four-wave mixing [20–23], have

been achieved in WGMRs under an ultra-low-threshold pump-

ing. As a natural nonlinear optical phenomenon [24], Raman

scattering could extend the laser waveband significantly. As

early as 1985, the visible Raman lasing in an individual liquid

droplet with a radius of ∼30 μm was demonstrated [7], and

then the Vahala group reported SRS at the near-infrared (IR)

waveband in a silica microsphere with a threshold power as low

as 50 μW[8]. Up to this point, SRS has been extensively

achieved in sphere/disk/toroid/bottle-like microresonators with

different hold media [8–16]. Benefiting from the ultra-narrow

linewidth, Raman lasing in WGMRs has recently been ex-

plored for non-label nanoparticle sensing in both aqueous

environments and air [25–27]. In addition, SBS in WGMRs

has a wide range of applications, such as microwave generation

[28,29], nonreciprocal light storage [30,31], and high coher-

ence microlasers [32].

Visible high-coherence lasers have become more and more

attractive in recent years due to their important roles in under-

water communication, biomedical diagnosis, and microscopy.

However, even though there are a few reports on the study

of nonlinear optics in WGMRs in the visible waveband

[12,16,21,22], resorting to external tunable single-frequency

lasers (TSFLs) as pump sources, visible Raman and Brillouin

lasers are still not adequately explored to fulfill future applica-

tions. In particular, Brillouin lasers in WGMRs have not (to

our knowledge) been demonstrated in the visible waveband

so far. There are two cost-effective ways to replace external

TSFLs for pumping WGMRs. One is to combine rare-

earth-doped fibers [33–35] as a gain medium, and the other

is to use semiconductor chips [36]. In the first scheme, erbium

(Er)- and ytterbium (Yb)-doped silica fibers have been used to

explore single-frequency lasers and further nonlinear optical

phenomena in the near-IR range. However, due to the high

phonon energy in silica fibers, rare-earth ions lose activity in

the visible waveband. One effective way to solve this problem

566

Vol. 7, No. 5 / May 2019 / Photonics Research

Research Article

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微共振器/ZBLAN光纤混合系统中的可见拉曼与布里渊激光器

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