"蓝牙核心规范v5.4：最新技术更新与变化概述"

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最新的蓝牙核心规范v5.4是蓝牙官网发布的最新蓝牙规范，由Martin Woolley编写。这个版本的规范包含了一些更新，本文将对每个更新进行总结和解释。在Bluetooth Core Specification Version 5.4中，最重要的更新是引入了“Periodic Advertising with Responses (PA)”功能。这个功能允许蓝牙设备以周期性广播的方式发送数据，并可以接收其他设备的响应。这个功能的引入有助于提高设备之间的数据传输效率和稳定性，特别是在高密度的蓝牙设备环境下。此外，在该规范中还对与数据传输相关的其他功能进行了改进。例如，引入了一种新的调制方式，称为“5级线性调制(LRM)”以及一种新的数据编码方案，称为“飞地数据编码(DIE Aggregation)”。这些新的调制和编码方案可以在有限的频带宽度内实现更高的数据传输速率和更低的能量消耗。此外，蓝牙核心规范v5.4还扩展了与音频传输相关的功能。在这个版本中，引入了新的音频编解码器，如“LC3”和“SBSC”，以提供更高质量的音频传输和更低的功耗。同时，增加了支持音频数据多点传输的功能，可以同时连接多个音频设备，实现多通道音频传输。在连接管理方面，蓝牙核心规范v5.4引入了“Isochronous Stream Semi-permanent Key Distribution (IS-SLKD)”功能，用于管理同步时间和秘钥配对。这个功能可以提高设备之间的连接稳定性和安全性，特别在需要高负载和高计时精度的应用中更为重要。此外，该规范还对蓝牙网关和蓝牙网络进行了改进。引入了新的网关功耗优化机制，可以在传输数据时最大限度地减少功耗，并提高数据传输的可靠性和稳定性。同时，蓝牙核心规范v5.4还增加了对IPv6协议的支持，使得蓝牙设备能够与更多的互联网设备进行通信。总结来说，蓝牙核心规范v5.4是蓝牙技术的最新进展，通过引入一系列新的功能和改进，提高了蓝牙设备之间的数据传输效率、连接稳定性和安全性。这些更新将有助于推动蓝牙技术的广泛应用，并满足不断发展的智能设备和物联网应用对数据传输的需求。

Property Description

Topology Topology is concerned with the cardinality of the relationships which may be formed between communicating devices.

Three distinct topologies are recognized;

one-to-one (1:1),

one-to-many (1:m) and

many-to-many (m:n).

Direction - Packets Communication involves the transmission and receipt of packets. With some modes of operation and congurations,

packets travel in one direction only between communicating devices (unidirectional), while in others, there is a

bidirectional exchange of packets.

Direction - Data Some transmitted packets can contain data from the higher layers of the Bluetooth protocol stack (e.g., the application

layer), and some cannot. Some modes of operation support the bidirectional communication of data, while in other cases,

the transfer of data is unidirectional, even when bidirectional packet exchanges are taking place.

Communication Method Connection-oriented communication involves initialization procedures that allow devices to prepare for communication by

negotiating various parameter values. The agreed parameters then control certain aspects of communication, such as the

timing of transmit and receive slots.

In connectionless communication, there is no negotiation stage.

Data / Time Relationship The Bluetooth Core Specication denes three dierent relationships between logical transports, the data to be

transported, and time, and they are referred to with the terms asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous.

When performing asynchronous communication, the data to be transported has no special relationship with or

dependency on time. Packets will be transmitted one or more times until received. It is important that all data is delivered,

and retransmission schemes are used to support this, but it is not crucial when the data is delivered. Receivers may know

the remote device’s transport packet transmission schedule but not when to expect data from upper layers to be delivered

by the transport in such packets.

When performing synchronous communication, the data to be transported is time-dependent and passed to the link layer

for transmission according to a schedule. Packets are of a xed size, and data rates are constant. Packets not delivered

within applicable time constraints are said to expire and are ushed.

Isochronous communication is similar to synchronous communication. Data is time-bound and must be delivered within

specic time constraints. Packets may vary in size, so that data rates may be variable. Packets not delivered within

applicable time constraints are said to expire and are ushed.

Property Description

Receiver Concurrency A one-to-many topology is sometimes described or depicted as a hub-and-spoke arrangement of devices. The hub device

can transmit data to each of the other devices, one device at a time in series, or it can transmit in such a way that some or all

of the devices receive the same transmitted data at precisely the same time. In the rst example, despite the one-to-many

topology, the communication is eectively serialized in time across receivers. In contrast, in the other instance, the same data

is delivered concurrently to a set of receivers.

Three receiver concurrency types are identied:

Single - one receiver at a time receives data in separate transmissions

Subset - a selection of all available receivers receive the same transmission

All - all receivers in range receive the same transmission

RF Channels Bluetooth LE divides the ISM band into forty 2 MHz-wide channels. Dierent operating modes and congurations use dierent

subsets of these channels. Specic subsets are dened and referred to with the following names:

Channel Subset Name Channels by Index

Primary advertising channels 37, 38 and 39

General-purpose channels 0 to 36

Scalability There are several possible interpretations of this term, which depend on the context. For example, when considering 1:m

topologies, the maximum size of m may be the primary interest. In other scenarios, it may be that scaling up to some overall

maximum data transfer rates or messages per second is the scalability concern.

Choice of PHY Bluetooth LE denes three physical layer variants known as PHYs.

The LE 1M PHY uses a symbol rate of 1 Msym/s with a required frequency deviation of at least 185 kHz. All devices must support

the LE 1M PHY.

The LE 2M PHY is similar to LE 1M but uses a symbol rate of 2 Msym/s and has a required frequency deviation of at least 370

kHz. Support for the LE 2M PHY is optional.

The LE Coded PHY uses a symbol rate of 1 Msym/s. Packets are subject to a coding called Forward Error Correction (FEC) and,

depending on conguration, a pattern mapping. This increases the eective range of transmissions but reduces the application

data rate. Support for the LE Coded PHY is optional.

Support for each of the three PHYs varies according to the mode of operation and sometimes by the PDU type to be transmitted.

Table 1 - Fundamental properties of a communication system

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