专家解读Oracle数据库架构

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"Expert Oracle Database Architecture" 是一本由Oracle领域的权威专家Thomas Kyte撰写的专业书籍，主要探讨了Oracle数据库9i, 10g, 和11g版本的编程技术和解决方案。这本书是Oracle开发者的重要参考资料，旨在帮助读者深入理解Oracle体系结构，并提供优化技术使用的实践方法。本书的内容涵盖了Oracle数据库的各个方面，包括但不限于以下几个核心知识点： 1. **Oracle数据库体系结构**：书中详细阐述了Oracle数据库的内部工作原理，包括数据存储、内存结构（如SGA和PGA）、进程架构、以及数据库实例和服务器进程的交互等。这对于理解和优化数据库性能至关重要。 2. **SQL与PL/SQL编程**：讲解了高效编写SQL查询和PL/SQL程序的方法，包括索引策略、查询优化、事务处理和并发控制等方面，帮助开发者写出更高效的代码。 3. **表空间和数据文件管理**：讨论了如何有效地管理表空间、数据文件、重做日志文件，以及相关的存储参数调整，以满足不同业务场景的需求。 4. **备份与恢复**：详述了Oracle的备份和恢复机制，包括RMAN（恢复管理器）的使用，以及如何制定和执行有效的备份策略来确保数据安全。 5. **高可用性与灾难恢复**：涵盖了Oracle的高可用性解决方案，如RAC（实时应用集群）、Data Guard和GoldenGate，以及如何规划和实施灾难恢复计划。 6. **性能调优**：深入剖析了Oracle的性能监控和调优工具，如AWR（自动工作区管理报告）和ASH（活动会话历史），并提供了性能问题诊断和解决的策略。 7. **安全性**：讲解了Oracle数据库的安全特性，如用户权限管理、审计、加密等，以及如何实施最佳安全实践。 8. **Oracle新特性和改进**：对比9i、10g和11g版本，介绍了各版本的新功能和改进，帮助开发者了解如何利用新技术提升数据库的效率和可靠性。 9. **案例研究和最佳实践**：书中包含了大量的实际案例和经验分享，通过这些示例，读者可以学习到如何在实际环境中应用所学知识。 10. **社区和技术支持**：书中可能还提到了Oracle社区的重要性，以及如何利用社区资源解决问题，如阅读和参与论坛讨论，获取专家建议等。 "Expert Oracle Database Architecture" 是一本全面而深入的Oracle技术指南，无论你是初学者还是有经验的DBA，都能从中受益，提升你的Oracle数据库管理和开发技能。

■ CONTENTS

xiv

■ Chapter 12: Datatypes......................................................................................493

An Overview of Oracle Datatypes ................................................................................493

Character and Binary String Types..............................................................................496

NLS Overview .....................................................................................................................................496

Character Strings................................................................................................................................499

Binary Strings: RAW Types ..........................................................................................506

Number Types..............................................................................................................508

NUMBER Type Syntax and Usage .......................................................................................................510

BINARY_FLOAT/BINARY_DOUBLE Type Syntax and Usage.................................................................513

Non-native Number Types..................................................................................................................514

Performance Considerations ..............................................................................................................514

Long Types ..................................................................................................................516

Restrictions on LONG and LONG RAW Types ......................................................................................516

Coping with Legacy LONG Types ........................................................................................................518

Dates, Timestamps, and Interval Types.......................................................................523

Formats ..............................................................................................................................................523

DATE Type ..........................................................................................................................................525

TIMESTAMP Type................................................................................................................................531

INTERVAL Type ...................................................................................................................................538

LOB Types....................................................................................................................541

Internal LOBs ......................................................................................................................................541

BFILEs.................................................................................................................................................552

ROWID/UROWID Types .................................................................................................554

Summary .....................................................................................................................555

■ Chapter 13: Partitioning...................................................................................557

Partitioning Overview ..................................................................................................557

Increased Availability .........................................................................................................................558

Reduced Administrative Burden .........................................................................................................560

Enhanced Statement Performance.....................................................................................................564

■ CONTENTS

Table Partitioning Schemes.........................................................................................566

Range Partitioning ..............................................................................................................................567

Hash Partitioning ................................................................................................................................569

List Partitioning ..................................................................................................................................574

Interval Partitioning ............................................................................................................................575

Reference Partitioning........................................................................................................................581

Composite Partitioning .......................................................................................................................586

Row Movement...................................................................................................................................588

Table Partitioning Schemes Wrap-up.................................................................................................590

Partitioning Indexes.....................................................................................................591

Local Indexes vs. Global Indexes........................................................................................................592

Local Indexes......................................................................................................................................593

Global Indexes ....................................................................................................................................599

Partitioning and Performance, Revisited .....................................................................612

Auditing and Segment Space Compression.................................................................618

Summary .....................................................................................................................619

■ Chapter 14: Parallel Execution.........................................................................621

When to Use Parallel Execution ...................................................................................622

A Parallel Processing Analogy ............................................................................................................623

Oracle Exadata.............................................................................................................624

Parallel Query ..............................................................................................................624

Parallel DML.................................................................................................................630

Parallel DDL .................................................................................................................633

Parallel DDL and Data Loading Using External Tables........................................................................634

Parallel DDL and Extent Trimming......................................................................................................636

Parallel Recovery.........................................................................................................645

Procedural Parallelism.................................................................................................645

Parallel Pipelined Functions ...............................................................................................................646

Do-It-Yourself Parallelism ..................................................................................................................649

■ CONTENTS

xvi

Old School Do-It-Yourself Parallelism ................................................................................................652

Summary .....................................................................................................................656

■ Chapter 15: Data Loading and Unloading.........................................................657

SQL*Loader..................................................................................................................657

Loading Data with SQLLDR FAQs........................................................................................................661

SQLLDR Caveats .................................................................................................................................686

SQLLDR Summary ..............................................................................................................................686

External Tables ............................................................................................................686

Setting Up External Tables .................................................................................................................687

Dealing with Errors.............................................................................................................................693

Using an External Table to Load Different Files..................................................................................696

Multiuser Issues .................................................................................................................................696

External Tables Summary...................................................................................................................697

Flat File Unload............................................................................................................698

Data Pump Unload .......................................................................................................706

Summary .....................................................................................................................708

■ Chapter 16: Data Encryption ............................................................................709

Types of Encryption .....................................................................................................709

Data in Motion ....................................................................................................................................709

Data at Rest ........................................................................................................................................710

Manual Application Encryption...........................................................................................................713

The Oracle Wallet ...............................................................................................................................714

Transparent Column Level Encryption................................................................................................717

Transparent Tablespace Encryption ...................................................................................................719

What Encryption Is Not About ......................................................................................722

Implementing Manual Application Encryption .............................................................723

Reasons to Avoid the Manual Approach .............................................................................................723

Performance Implications of the Manual Approach ...........................................................................724

When to Use the Manual Approach ....................................................................................................729

■ FOREWORD FROM THE FIRST EDITION

xviii

Foreword

I first met the Oracle RDBMS some time in 1988, or possibly 1987, when my manager dumped a small

box on my desk and said something like: “There’s this new product called Oracle just coming into the

country. Play around with it for a few weeks and then tell us what it’s good for.”

The version was something like 5.0.22, and in those days it was a lot easier getting started with

Oracle. The entire printed manual set—including Forms 2.0, SQL*Report, and everything else—would fit

into a small briefcase and the documentation for the create table statement ran to about three pages.

If you check the PDF file for the 11.2 SQL reference manual, you’ll find that create table currently

starts at page 16-6 and runs on to page 16-79 for a total of 74 pages. The last time I checked the total page

count was for 9i, and that was more than 20,000 pages—and I doubt if the number has dropped in 10g

and 11g.

With three (fairly slim) manuals for 5.0.22, it didn’t take me very long to learn about everything that

Oracle was supposed to do and how to do it efficiently. There weren’t many options, so there weren’t

many ways to do things wrong. But how do you get started today when the core of Oracle is hidden

under a huge mass of options and features? Worse, the details you really need to understand are covered

by a mountain of information that is nice to have, but not critical to getting started.

The answer is simple.

Step 1: Read the concepts manual so you have an idea of what it’s all about.

Step 2: Read Tom Kyte’s book so that you can follow a rational progression of learning and

experimenting that leads you from your first “select ‘hello world’ from dual” to the day when you can

confidently say things like “we should use a range partitioned IOT with these columns in the overflow for

this table because … .”

Tom combines three things in this book: a conversational style that makes it easier to read about

technical details and understand the “why” behind the “how”; a structured “storyline” so that you see

the text building towards a target rather than scattering a disjointed collection of random tips; and an

array of carefully constructed demonstrations that teach you how things work and how you should work

and think.

Consider just one example, indexing. There are many types of indexes, so we need a brief

introduction to separate the different types. It’s good to have an idea of how B-tree indexes (for example)

actually work so that we can understand their strengths and weaknesses. Then we can move on to the

idea of function-based indexes—indexes on “data that don’t really exist.” This gets us to the point of

understanding what Oracle can do, but we can (and do) go further with what we can do with Oracle. So

we see how we can put the pieces together to create an index that guarantees uniqueness across subsets

of the data, we see how we can—on a huge data set—create a tiny, low-maintenance index that identifies

exactly the data that we really want to access and minimizes the risk of the optimizer producing a silly

execution plan.

In principle, it’s all in the manuals, but only if we have the insight to take the naked descriptions of

the available commands and see how we can use them to construct solutions to real problems. Tom Kyte

supplies that insight, and then encourages you to go further in developing your own insights.

Frankly, if every DBA and developer in the world were made to work carefully through Tom Kyte’s

book, I’d probably have to start offering consultancy services to SQL Server users because the number of

clients needing Oracle consultancy would drop dramatically.

Jonathan Lewis

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