Dreamweaver CS5与移动Web开发：HTML5, CSS3和jQuery实战

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"Dreamweaver CS5 5 Mobile and Web Developmen with HTML5 CSS3 and jQuery" 本文将深入探讨使用Dreamweaver CS5.5进行移动和网页开发时，如何利用HTML5、CSS3和jQuery来创建高效且用户友好的界面。在设计网页和应用程序时，理解用户体验（UX）设计规则至关重要，因为这直接影响到用户的满意度和产品的成功。《Designing with the Mind in Mind: Simple Guide to Understanding User Interface Design Rules》一书由Jeff Johnson撰写，提供了关于UI设计的实用指导。 HTML5是现代网页开发的核心，它引入了新的语义元素，如<section>、<article>和<header>，使网页结构更加清晰，同时提供了更好的离线存储和多媒体支持。CSS3则扩展了样式表语言的能力，允许开发者实现更复杂的布局、动画和视觉效果，如多列布局、渐变、阴影和过渡。jQuery则是一个流行的JavaScript库，简化了DOM操作、事件处理、动画制作和Ajax交互，使得前端开发更为高效。在使用Dreamweaver CS5.5时，开发者可以利用其内置的对HTML5和CSS3的支持，快速构建响应式布局，适应各种屏幕尺寸的设备。对于移动开发，Dreamweaver还提供了专门的工具，帮助创建适合触摸操作的界面，考虑到移动设备的特性和限制。 Jeff Johnson的书中强调，理解用户界面设计规则是创建优秀UI的关键。他指出，设计师需要考虑人类的认知模式、感知限制和交互习惯，以创建直观易用的设计。例如，遵循一致性原则，确保用户在不同页面间能保持一致的体验；利用反馈机制，让用户知道他们的操作是否已被系统接收；以及遵循最少惊奇原则，减少用户对新界面的困惑。在实际开发中，运用这些原则可以提高网站和应用的可用性，降低学习曲线，增强用户满意度。通过结合Dreamweaver的强大功能和HTML5、CSS3、jQuery的先进技术，开发者能够创建出既美观又功能强大的跨平台应用，满足不断增长的移动互联网需求。总结来说，本资源关注的是使用Dreamweaver CS5.5结合HTML5、CSS3和jQuery进行移动和网页开发的实践方法，以及在设计过程中理解并应用用户界面设计原则的重要性。通过学习这些内容，开发者不仅可以提升技术技能，还能提升设计思维，从而创造出更具吸引力和用户体验的数字产品。

Perception biased by goals

Fold napkins. Polish silverware. Wash dishes.

French napkins. Polish silverware. German dishes.

FIGURE 1.5

The same phrase is perceived differently depending on the list it appears in.

read as different words depending on the meaning of the surrounding paragraph

(see Fig. 1.5).

This biasing of perception by the surrounding context works between different

senses too. Perceptions in any of our ﬁve senses may affect simultaneous percep-

tions in any of our other senses. For example:

What we see can be biased by what we are hearing, and vice versa

What we feel with our tactile sense can be biased by what we are hearing, see-

ing, or smelling

Later chapters explain how visual perception, reading, and recognition function in the

human brain. For now, I will simply say that the pattern of neural activity that corre-

sponds to recognizing a letter, a word, a face, or any object includes input from neural

activity stimulated by the context. This context includes other nearby perceived objects

and events, and even reactivated memories of previously perceived objects and events.

Context biases perception not only in people but also in lower animals. A friend

of mine often brought her dog with her in her car when running errands. One day,

as she drove into her driveway, a cat was in the front yard. The dog saw it and began

barking. My friend opened the car door and the dog jumped out and ran after the

cat, which turned and jumped through a bush to escape. The dog dove into the

bush but missed the cat. The dog remained agitated for some time afterward.

Thereafter, for as long as my friend lived in that house, whenever she arrived at

home with her dog in the car, he would get excited, bark, jump out of the car as

soon as the door was opened, dash across the yard, and leap into the bush. There

was no cat, but that didn’t matter. Returning home in the car was enough to make

the dog see one—perhaps even smell one. However, walking home, as the dog did

after being taken for his daily walk, did not evoke the “cat mirage.”

PERCEPTION BIASED BY GOALS

In addition to being biased by our past experience and the present context, our

perception is inﬂuenced by our goals and plans for the future. Speciﬁcally, our goals

ﬁlter our perceptions: things unrelated to our goals tend to be ﬁltered out precon-

sciously, never registering in our conscious minds.

For example, when people navigate through software or a Web site, seeking infor-

mation or a speciﬁc function, they don’t read carefully. They scan screens quickly

6 CHAPTER 1 We Perceive What We Expect

and superﬁcially for items that seem related to their goal. They don’t simply ignore

items unrelated to their goals; they often don’t even notice them.

To see this, ﬂip brieﬂy to the next page and look in the toolbox (Fig. 1.6) for scis-

sors, and then immediately ﬂip back to this page. Try it now.

Did you spot the scissors? Now, without looking back at the toolbox, can you

say whether there is a screwdriver in the toolbox too?

Our goals ﬁlter our perceptions in other perceptual senses as well as in vision.

A familiar example is the “cocktail party” effect. If you are conversing with someone

at a crowded party, you can focus your attention to hear mainly what he or she is

saying even though many other people are talking near you. The more interested you

are in the conversation, the more strongly your brain ﬁlters out surrounding chatter.

If you are bored by what your conversational partner is saying, you will probably

hear much more of the conversations around you.

The effect was ﬁrst documented in studies of air-trafﬁc controllers, who were

able to carry on a conversation with the pilots of their assigned aircraft even though

many different conversations were occurring simultaneously on the same radio

frequency, coming out of the same speaker in the control room (Arons, 1992).

Research suggests that our ability to focus on one conversation among several simul-

taneous ones depends not only on our interest level in the conversation but also on

objective factors such as the similarity of voices in the cacophony, the amount of

general “noise” (e.g., clattering dishes or loud music), and the predictability of what

your conversational partner is saying (Arons, 1992).

This ﬁltering of perception by our goals is particularly true for adults, who tend

to be more focused on goals than children are. Children are more stimulus driven:

their perception is less ﬁltered by their goals. This characterisitic makes them more

distractible than adults, but it also makes them less biased as observers.

A parlor game demonstrates this age difference in perceptual ﬁltering. It is simi-

lar to the “look in the toolbox” exercise. Most households have a catch-all drawer

for kitchen implements or tools. From your living room, send a visitor to the room

where the catch-all drawer is, with instructions to fetch you a speciﬁc tool, such as

measuring spoons or a pipe wrench. When the person returns with the tool, ask

whether another speciﬁc tool was in the drawer. Most adults will not know what

else was in the drawer. Children—if they can complete the task without being dis-

tracted by all the cool stuff in the drawer—will often be able to tell you more about

what else was there.

Perceptual ﬁltering can also be seen in how people navigate Web sites. Suppose

I put you on the home page of New Zealand’s University of Canterbury (see Fig. 1.7)

and asked you to print out a map of the campus showing the computer science

department. You would scan the page and probably quickly click one of the links

that share words with the goal that I gave you: Departments (top left), Departments

and Colleges (middle left), or Campus Maps (bottom right). If you’re a “search”

person, you might instead go right to the Search box (middle right), type words

related to the goal, and click “Go.”

8 CHAPTER 1 We Perceive What We Expect

Whether you browse or search, it is likely that you would leave the home page

without noticing that you were randomly chosen to win $100 (bottom left). Why?

Because that was not related to your goal.

What is the mechanism by which our current goals bias our perception? There

are two:

Inﬂuencing where we look. Perception is active, not passive. We constantly

move our eyes, ears, hands, and so on, so as to sample exactly the things in our

environment that are most relevant to what we are doing or about to do (Ware,

2008). If we are looking on a Web site for a campus map, our eyes and pointer-

controlling hand are attracted to anything that might lead us to that goal. We

more or less ignore anything unrelated to our goal.

Sensitizing our perceptual system to certain features. When we are looking

for something, our brain can prime our perception to be especially sensitive to fea-

tures of what we are looking for (Ware, 2008). For example, when we are looking

for a red car in a large parking lot, red cars will seem to pop out as we scan the lot,

and cars of other colors will barely register in our consciousness, even though we

do in some sense “see” them. Similarly, when we are trying to ﬁnd our spouse in

a dark, crowded room, our brain “programs” our auditory system to be especially

sensitive to the combination of frequencies that make up his or her voice.

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS

All these sources of perceptual bias of course have implications for user interface

design. Here are three.

Avoid ambiguity

Avoid ambiguous information displays, and test your design to verify that all users

interpret the display in the same way. Where ambiguity is unavoidable, either rely

on standards or conventions to resolve it, or prime users to resolve the ambiguity in

the intended way.

For example, computer displays often shade buttons and text ﬁelds to make them

look raised in relation to the background surface (see Fig. 1.8). This appearance

FIGURE 1.8

Buttons on computer screens are often shaded to make them look three dimensional, but the

convention only works if the simulated light source is assumed to be on the upper left.

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