C++ Primer 第四版：现代编程教程

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"C++ Primer-4th.pdf" 是一本由Stanley B. Lippman, Josée Lajoie和Barbara E. Moo合著的C++编程教程，旨在帮助程序员更快速、更有效地学习和使用C++语言。这本书是第四版，已全面更新、重新组织和改写，以适应C++语言的发展以及现代编程的最佳实践。作者们现在从一开始就引入了C++标准库，使读者能够在掌握所有语言细节之前就能编写有用的程序。书中强调安全性、快速构建和高性能的编程技巧，并通过利用标准库的例子来解释C++的功能。在这一新版中，作者们重构了教学结构，以加速学习过程，同时更新了编程风格和程序设计技术，使其符合当前的标准。书中的新学习辅助工具强调关键点，警告常见陷阱，提出良好的编程习惯，并提供一般使用提示。此外，还包含了练习题，以巩固所学技能。尽管面向初学者，但该书对C++基础概念和技术的权威讨论也使其成为经验丰富的程序员的宝贵参考资料。该书于2005年2月由Addison Wesley Professional出版社出版，共912页，涵盖了广泛的C++主题。读者可以在指定的网络地址上找到书中扩展示例的源代码，以便进一步学习和实践。通过阅读"C++ Primer-4th.pdf"，读者可以期待获得以下关键知识点： 1. C++标准库：了解如何利用标准库中的容器、算法和迭代器等组件，编写出更高效、功能丰富的代码。 2. 现代C++编程风格：学习如何使用RAII（Resource Acquisition Is Initialization）原则、智能指针、模板元编程等现代C++特性。 3. 程序安全：理解如何编写避免内存泄漏、悬挂指针和其他常见错误的代码。 4. 性能优化：学习如何通过有效的数据结构和算法选择，以及对C++标准库的熟练运用，提高程序的运行效率。 5. 面向对象编程：深入理解类、对象、继承、多态等面向对象概念，以及如何在实际项目中应用它们。 6. 模板：学习泛型编程，掌握函数模板、类模板以及模板特化的用法。 7. 异常处理：学习如何使用异常处理机制来处理程序中的错误和异常情况。 8. STL（Standard Template Library）：深入探讨STL的各个组成部分，如向量、列表、映射和集合等容器，以及算法和迭代器的使用。 9. 编程实践：通过书中实例和练习，提升编程技巧，培养良好的编程习惯。 "C++ Primer-4th.pdf"不仅适合C++初学者，也是对C++有一定了解的开发者进一步提升技能的重要资源。它提供了一条系统学习C++的路径，帮助读者从基础到高级，逐步掌握这门强大的编程语言。

When the return includes a value such as 0 , that value is the return value of the function. The

value returned must have the same type as the return type of the function or be a type that can

be converted to that type. In the case of main the return type must be int , and the value 0 is

an int .

On most systems, the return value from main is a status indicator. A return value of 0 indicates

the successful completion of main . Any other return value has a meaning that is defined by the

operating system. Usually a nonzero return indicates that an error occurred. Each operating

system has its own way of telling the user what main returned.

1.1.1. Compiling and Executing Our Program

Having written the program, we need to compile it. How you compile a program depends on

your operating system and compiler. For details on how your particular compiler works, you'll

need to check the reference manual or ask a knowledgeable colleague.

Many PC-based compilers are run from an integrated development environment (IDE) that

bundles the compiler with associated build and analysis tools. These environments can be a

great asset in developing complex programs but require a fair bit of time to learn how to use

effectively. Most of these environments include a point-and-click interface that allows the

programmer to write a program and use various menus to compile and execute the program.

Learning how to use such environments is well beyond the scope of this book.

Most compilers, including those that come with an IDE, provide a command-line interface.

Unless you are already familiar with using your compiler's IDE, it can be easier to start by using

the simpler, command-line interface. Using the command-line interface lets you avoid the

overhead of learning the IDE before learning the language.

Program Source File Naming Convention

Whether we are using a command-line interface or an IDE, most compilers expect that the

program we want to compile will be stored in a file. Program files are referred to as source

files . On most systems, a source file has a name that consists of two parts: a file namefor

example, prog1 and a file suffix. By convention, the suffix indicates that the file is a program.

The suffix often also indicates what language the program is written in and selects which

compiler to run. The system that we used to compile the examples in this book treats a file with

a suffix of .cc as a C++ program and so we stored this program as

prog1.cc

The suffix for C++ program files depends on which compiler you're running. Other conventions

include

prog1.cxx

prog1.cpp

prog1.cp

prog1.C

Invoking the GNU or Microsoft Compilers

The command used to invoke the C++ compiler varies across compilers and

operating systems. The most common compilers are the GNU compiler and

the Microsoft Visual Studio compilers. By default the command to invoke

the GNU compiler is g++ :

$ g++ prog1.cc -o prog1

where $ is the system prompt. This command generates an executable file

named prog1 or prog1.exe , depending on the operating system. On UNIX,

executable files have no suffix; on Windows, the suffix is .exe . The -o prog1

is an argument to the compiler and names the file in which to put the

executable file. If the -o prog1 is omitted, then the compiler generates an

executable named a.out on UNIX systems and a.exe on Windows.

The Microsoft compilers are invoked using the command cl :

C:\directory> cl -GX prog1.cpp

where C:directory> is the system prompt and directory is the name of the

current directory. The command to invoke the compiler is cl , and -GX is an

option that is required for programs compiled using the command-line

interface. The Microsoft compiler automatically generates an executable

with a name that corresponds to the source file name. The executable has

the suffix .exe and the same name as the source file name. In this case, the

executable is named prog1.exe .

For further information consult your compiler's user's guide.

Running the Compiler from the Command Line

If we are using a command-line interface, we will typically compile a program in a console

window (such as a shell window on a UNIX system or a Command Prompt window on Windows).

Assuming that our main program is in a file named prog1.cc , we might compile it by using a

command such as:

$ CC prog1.cc

where CC names the compiler and $ represents the system prompt. The output of the compiler is

an executable file that we invoke by naming it. On our system, the compiler generates the

executable in a file named a.exe . UNIX compilers tend to put their executables in a file named

a.out . To run an executable we supply that name at the command-line prompt:

1.2. A First Look at Input/Output

C++ does not directly define any statements to do input or output (IO). Instead, IO is provided

by the standard library . The IO library provides an extensive set of facilities. However, for

many purposes, including the examples in this book, one needs to know only a few basic

concepts and operations.

Most of the examples in this book use the iostream library , which handles formatted input and

output. Fundamental to the iostream library are two types named istream and ostream , which

represent input and output streams, respectively. A stream is a sequence of characters intended

to be read from or written to an IO device of some kind. The term "stream" is intended to

suggest that the characters are generated, or consumed, sequentially over time.

1.2.1. Standard Input and Output Objects

The library defines four IO objects. To handle input, we use an object of type istream named cin

(pronounced "see-in"). This object is also referred to as the standard input . For output, we

use an ostream object named cout (pronounced "see-out"). It is often referred to as the

standard output . The library also defines two other ostream objects, named cerr and clog

(pronounced "see-err" and "see-log," respectively). The cerr object, referred to as the

standard error , is typically used to generate warning and error messages to users of our

programs. The clog object is used for general information about the execution of the program.

Ordinarily, the system associates each of these objects with the window in which the program is

executed. So, when we read from cin , data is read from the window in which the program is

executing, and when we write to cout, cerr , or clog , the output is written to the same

window. Most operating systems give us a way of redirecting the input or output streams when

we run a program. Using redirection we can associate these streams with files of our choosing.

1.2.2. A Program that Uses the IO Library

So far, we have seen how to compile and execute a simple program, although that program did

no work. In our overall problem, we'll have several records that refer to the same ISBN. We'll

need to consolidate those records into a single total, implying that we'll need to know how to

add the quantities of books sold.

To see how to solve part of that problem, let's start by looking at how we might add two

numbers. Using the IO library, we can extend our main program to ask the user to give us two

numbers and then print their sum:

#include <iostream>

int main()

{

std::cout << "Enter two numbers:" << std::endl;

int v1, v2;

std::cin >> v1 >> v2;

std::cout << "The sum of " << v1 << " and " << v2

<< " is " << v1 + v2 << std::endl;

return 0;

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