Linux BASH实用教程：命令与技巧详解

bash命令手册

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《Linux BASH Programming Cookbook》是一本专注于Linux下的Bash命令实用教程和实例集。该书内容详实，涵盖了Bash命令的基础知识到高级技巧，旨在帮助读者提升在Linux环境中高效、精准地使用Bash shell的能力。章节一，"Linux Find Command Tutorial"（Linux查找命令教程），详细介绍了如何通过文件名（包括精确名称和正则表达式）、文件属性（时间戳、权限、类型和大小）来查找文件。这部分内容包括： 1.1 使用精确名称搜索 - 提供了按文件名直接匹配和通过正则表达式进行搜索的方法。 1.2 通过文件属性进行搜索 - 包括按时间（分钟和天）、权限、文件类型和文件大小进行筛选。 1.3 使用条件执行动作，例如根据搜索结果执行特定操作。 1.4 介绍执行动作与exec命令的结合应用。 1.5 集中展示了常用且重复性的命令，方便快速查阅。章节二，"Linux Screen Command Tutorial"（Linux屏幕命令教程）主要针对screen工具，讲述如何安装、创建和管理多个会话窗口，以及定制屏幕选项和键盘快捷键。内容包括： - 安装方法，确保用户对这个用于分屏管理和多任务处理的工具有所了解。 - 创建和管理屏幕会话，如创建子窗口。 - 屏幕命令选项的深入解析。 - 个性化设置，如禁用启动消息、设置默认会话窗口和自定义键盘快捷键。 - 最后是章节总结，回顾关键点。章节三，"Linux chown Example"（Linux chown命令示例）涉及文件或目录的所有权管理，包括： - chown命令的基本介绍，适用于Linux系统中的权限控制。 - 命令语法和用途的详细解释。 - 选项说明，以便用户根据需求进行所有权的变更。 - 实例演示，如改变文件所有者、将所有权从一个文件复制到另一个以及更复杂的权限操作。整体而言，《Linux BASH Programming Cookbook》提供了一个丰富的学习资源，适合从初学者到进阶用户，无论是在日常运维还是脚本编写中，都能找到实用的Bash命令技巧和屏幕管理工具的最佳实践。通过阅读本书，读者不仅能掌握基本命令的使用，还能学会利用它们构建更为复杂和高效的自动化工作流程。

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Linux BASH Programming Cookbook 1 / 55

Chapter 1

Linux Find Command Tutorial

Linux find command is a powerful and ﬂexible search tool that not only every system administrator must master, but also any

kind of Linux user. This tutorial will show how to use it to perform almost any type search with this useful command.

For this tutorial, Linux Mint 17.3 and find 4.4.2 have been used.

1.1 Find by ﬁle name

The syntax for ﬁnd command is the following

find [path] [expression]

1.1.1 By literal name

To ﬁnd, for example, README.txt ﬁles in home directory, we would type the following:

find /home -name README.txt

The -name expression is case sensitive. The following command will ﬁnd every README.txt ﬁle in the whole disk, not taking

into account the case sensitivity:

find / -iname README.txt

1.1.2 By regular expression

Using regular expressions is useful mostly when we are looking for certain type of ﬁles.

For example, to ﬁnd every .txt ﬁle in the home directory, the regular expression would be:

find /home -regextype posix-extended -regex ".

\.txt"

Let’s see it carefully:

• With -regextype we are specifying a regular expression type, posix-extended, which is more widely implemented in

other systems than find ’s default one.

• And the regular expression itself:

– The . is a wild card for searching any character.

Linux BASH Programming Cookbook 2 / 55

– The

is for searching zero or more repetitions. Combined with ., will look for every ﬁle in the speciﬁed directory, because

every ﬁle will have at least a character, repeated zero or more times.

– Once that we have looked for every ﬁle, we have to ﬁlter the results. In this case, we are ﬁnding for every string ending in .

txt. Note that we have escaped the dot character, with ., since it’s a special character for regex.

Regular expressions can be as ﬂexible as we want. We can ﬁnd every .txt and .log ﬁles with the following command:

find /home -regextype posix-extended -regex ".

(\.txt|\.log)"

What we are doing is to tell ﬁnd to look for every ﬁle ending with the .txt substring or with the .log substring. The | character is

an or operand. And everything inside round braces, is for matching that exact substring.

We have seen how to match exact substrings. Now, let’s see how to match characters inside a range. For that, we will ﬁnd ﬁles

that have numbers in their name:

find /home -regextype posix-extended -regex ".

[0-9]"

The square brackets are for matching speciﬁc characters (not strings). And we can deﬁne ranges with the hyphen.

To end with this section, let’s see how we would ﬁnd ﬁles that are composed by a date (supposing it in UK format):

find /home -regextype posix-extended -regex ".

[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{4}.

The curly braces are used for repetitions. So, we are looking for something with

XX-XX-XXXX

format.

Note: for ﬁnding ﬁles by their extension, there’s a shorter way using -name :

find /home -name "

.txt"

Which is a more appropriate option when we want to make a search specifying an unique ﬁle extension.

1.2 Find by ﬁle properties

Apart from the name, we can also ﬁnd for some speciﬁc ﬁle properties. In this section we will see for which properties we can

make searches, and how.

1.2.1 Through time

1.2.1.1 In minutes

There are many cases in which we can be interested in ﬁnding by the time they have been modiﬁed (as same as when we sort by

modiﬁcation time when using a GUI).

We can look for ﬁles that have been modiﬁed, for example, in the last 30 minutes:

find /home -mmin -30

Note that we are using a hyphen when specifying the minutes. Without it, find would look for ﬁles that have been modiﬁcated

exactly 30 minutes ago:

find /home -mmin 30

For ﬁnding ﬁles by access time, is almost the same than for modiﬁcation time, but with -amin expression instead of -mmin :

find /home -amin -30

There’s another property for ﬁnding through the time, that is the change time. Don’t confuse it with modiﬁcation time. The

change time is a status change (for example, permission or owner change).

As you probably have guessed, for ﬁnding by status change time, we have to use the -cmin expression:

find /home -cmin -30

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