Visual Studio 2005的SAL：提升代码安全的静态分析工具
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"标准注解语言(SAL)简述——2006年计算机科学"
2006年5月18日，迈克尔·霍华德在其博客上发表了一篇名为《标准注解语言(SAL)：一个简介》的文章，该文章是在对之前关于静态代码分析工具是否能确保软件安全的观点进行纠正。尽管有人可能误解了作者对静态分析工具的看法，实际上，微软研究团队开发了一种深受喜爱的代码分析技术，那就是SAL（Standard Annotation Language）。
SAL是一种元语言，其核心目标是帮助静态分析工具在编译时识别代码中的问题，包括但不限于安全漏洞。Visual Studio 2005版本的集成开发环境（IDE）中就包含了这项功能，尤其是团队系统版和开发者版的"/analyze"开关。通过SAL，开发人员可以在函数原型中添加额外的注解，提供关于函数更丰富的上下文信息，如参数的含义和函数返回值的预期行为。
使用SAL相当直观，主要涉及在函数声明中插入描述性注解。例如，如果一个函数处理敏感数据，开发人员可以明确标记哪些参数是输入，哪些是输出，以及这些数据如何被处理。这种元信息可以帮助工具理解代码的行为，从而更准确地发现潜在的安全隐患。
SAL的初衷是专注于标注那些操作读取、写入和修改程序状态的函数，尤其是那些可能导致数据损坏或安全漏洞的操作。通过这种方式，SAL不仅仅是提高代码质量的一种工具，也是提升软件安全性的重要手段，因为它允许静态分析器利用这些注解进行更深入的分析，而不是依赖于运行时行为。
总结来说，SAL是微软的一项创新，它通过标准化的注解方式，增强了静态分析工具的功能，使得开发者能够更加主动地在编码阶段就发现并修复潜在的问题，包括安全问题。这在软件工程领域是一项重要的进步，对于提升软件开发过程中的质量和安全性具有深远影响。随着技术的发展，SAL或许会有更多功能扩展和优化，持续推动着代码审查和安全实践的进步。
A Brief Introduction to the Standard Annotation Language (SAL)
18-May-2006
Michael Howard
http://blogs.msdn.com/michael_howard
Introduction
Even though a prior blog I wrote “Code Scanning Tools Do N ot m ake Softw are Secure” at
http://blogs.msdn.com/michael_howard/archive/2006/01/26/517975.aspx may have left some thinking
I don’t like static analysis tools, nothing could be farther from the truth. In fact, there is a code analysis
technology designed by Microsoft Research which is included with Visual Studio 2005 that I simply love,
and that is the Standard Annotation Language, or SAL. SAL is a meta-language that can help static
analysis tools, such as the /analyze switch in Visual Studio 2005 Team System and Visual Studio 2005
Team Edition for Developers, find bugs— including security bugs— in your C or C++ code at compile time.
Using SAL is relatively easy. You simply add annotations to your function prototypes that describe more
contextual information about the function being annotated. This can include annotations to function
arguments and to function return values. The initial focus of SAL is to annotate functions that
manipulate read and write buffers. In Windows Vista we are annotating all appropriate functions before
the product is released to customers to help us find bugs as early as possible.
The main benefit of SAL is that you can find more bugs with just a little bit of upfront work. We have
found that the process of adding SAL annotations to existing code can also find bugs as the developer
questions the assumptions previously made about how the function being annotated works. By this I
mean that as a developer adds annotations to a function, she must think about how the function works
in more detail than simply assuming it was written correctly. This process finds assumption flaws.
Any bugs found in SAL annotated functions tend to be real bugs, not false positives, which has the
benefit of speedier bug triage and code fixes.
Finally, SAL is highly leveraged; when you annotate a function, any code that calls that function will get
the benefit of the annotation. To this end, we have annotated the majority of C Runtime functions
included with Visual Studio 2005 and the Windows SDK functions. Over time we will add more
annotations to more functions to help find bugs in code written to use the functions. In short, this
means you will get the benefit of the annotations added by Microsoft, and you might find bugs in your
code!
Digging Deeper
Let m e give an exam ple of w hat SAL can do. Let’s say you have a C/C++ function like this:
void FillString(
TCHAR* buf,
size_t cchBuf,
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