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首页5D翘曲模型中的宇宙相变:引力波与对撞机探测
"扭曲空间中的宇宙相变:引力波和对撞机信号" 这篇研究论文深入探讨了五维翘曲模型中的电弱相变现象,这是一个理论物理学领域的重要议题。电弱相变是宇宙早期历史中发生的一种物理过程,与宇宙的基本力——电磁力和弱核力的统一有关。在该模型中,研究者考虑了一个包含指数行为的标量电势,这种电势在红外范围内对度量产生强烈反作用。通过采用新颖的超能势形式主义,他们能够探索之前未被触及的参数区域。 文章指出,当t’Hooft参数值达到一定阈值(如N ≃ 25)时,会出现全息相变。这种相变可能导致希格斯场经历一阶电弱相变,这是电弱重结晶过程的一个可能机制。电弱相变不仅对理解宇宙的早期状态至关重要,而且其产生的引力波信号提供了探测这些早期宇宙过程的可能途径。 研究进一步揭示,这种模型预测了可被激光干涉仪空间天线(如LISA)和地面的爱因斯坦望远镜等引力波观测设备检测到的随机重力波背景。这些引力波是宇宙相变期间产生的,它们留下了宇宙结构形成的历史痕迹。 此外,模型中的放射性核素质量足够大,能够逃避当前实验的限制,但可能在未来的大型强子对撞机(如LHC)的高能运行中显现出来。这意味着,对撞机实验可能提供另一种验证该理论的机会,通过寻找与模型预测相符的独特粒子或能量信号。 这篇开放获取的论文为理解宇宙的早期阶段、探索引力波的来源以及预测未来对撞机实验可能的发现提供了新的见解。它将引力波天文学与粒子物理学紧密联系起来,是理论物理学和宇宙学交叉研究的典范。通过这样的研究,科学家们希望能更深入地理解我们宇宙的基本规律和历史。
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JHEP09(2018)095
Using now the first expression in eq. (2.11) we get
φ
0
0
(r) =
1
2
W
0
0
(φ
0
), φ
0
1
(r) =
1
2
φ
1
W
00
0
(φ
0
) + W
0
1
(φ
0
)
, (3.15)
φ
1
(r) ≡ φ
1
[φ
0
(r)] = W
0
0
(φ
0
)
Z
φ
0
C
1
W
0
1
(
¯
φ)
[W
0
0
(
¯
φ)]
2
d
¯
φ , (3.16)
where eq. (3.16) defines the field φ
1
(r), while the first relation in eq. (3.15) is the usual
equation for φ
0
(r) [cf. eq. (2.11)]. The integration constants have been chosen to fulfill
the BCs
φ(0) = v
0
, φ(r
1
) = v
1
, (3.17)
corresponding to the values of φ(r) in the UV and IR branes, respectively. In particular
one can fix C
1
= v
0
such that φ
0
(0) = v
0
and φ
1
(0) = 0. Then the condition φ(r
1
) = v
1
leads to fixing the integration constant s as
5
s(r
1
) =
v
1
− φ
0
(r
1
)
φ
1
[φ
0
(r
1
)]
. (3.18)
Therefore the superpotential in eq. (3.14) gets an explicit dependence on the brane distance,
W (r
1
), which in turn creates a non-trivial dependence on r
1
of the effective potential of
eq. (3.6). As the latter only gets contributions from the branes, one can then expand the
superpotential on the branes as
W (v
α
) = W
0
(v
α
) + s(r
1
)W
1
(v
α
) (3.19)
so that the effective potential can be expanded to first order in s(r
1
):
V
eff
(r
1
) = Λ
0
− W
0
(v
0
) (3.20)
+ e
−4A
0
(r
1
)
n
[Λ
1
+ W
0
(v
1
)] [1 − 4A
1
s(r
1
)] + s(r
1
)
h
W
1
(v
1
) − e
4A
0
(r
1
)
W
1
(v
0
)
io
.
Eq. (3.20) involves several key parameters that play a relevant role in our analysis.
The second line, and in particular the function s(r
1
), provides a non-trivial dependence on
the brane distance r
1
. We anticipate that r
1
can be interpreted as the constant background
value of the (canonically unnormalized) radion/dilaton field. Consequently, the cosmolog-
ical constant at the minimum of the radion potential can be set to zero by an accurate
choice of the terms in the first line, which are independent of r
1
. We fine-tune Λ
0
for such
a purpose.
6
Similarly, from eq. (3.14) and the second expression in eq. (2.11) one finds
A
0
0
(r) =
κ
2
6
W
0
(φ
0
) ,
A
0
1
(r) =
κ
2
6
φ
1
W
0
0
(φ
0
) + W
1
(φ
0
)
. (3.21)
5
For the case of finite γ
α
, eq. (3.18) has O(1/γ
α
) corrections.
6
This one is the cosmological constant fine-tuning of the theory.
– 8 –
JHEP09(2018)095
After solving eqs. (3.15) and (3.16), we have to integrate eqs. (3.21) to obtain the metric.
This yields
A
0
(r) =
1
4
log
W
1
(φ
0
(r))
W
1
(v
0
)
, (3.22)
A
1
(r) =
κ
2
3
Z
φ
0
(r)
v
0
d
¯
φ
W
1
(
¯
φ)
W
0
0
(
¯
φ)
+ φ
1
(
¯
φ)
, (3.23)
where φ
1
(
¯
φ) is given by eq. (3.16) with the substitution φ
0
→
¯
φ. The integration constants
in eqs. (3.22) and (3.23) have been chosen to fix A(0) = A
0
(0) = 0. Given that φ
0
=
φ + O(sφ
1
), and since sA
1
A
0
, we can keep the zero order φ
0
' φ in the definition of
A
1
in eq. (3.23). This, together with the BC φ(r
1
) = v
1
, leads to
A
1
(r
1
) =
κ
2
3
Z
v
1
v
0
d
¯
φ
W
1
(
¯
φ)
W
0
0
(
¯
φ)
+ φ
1
(
¯
φ)
. (3.24)
As we see, A
1
(r
1
) does not explicitly depend on r
1
, it only depends on v
α
and the super-
potential parameters.
To conclude this section we want to stress here that the method we have developed to
compute the effective potential, and simultaneously take into account the back reaction on
the gravitational metric, is completely general and can be applied to any model defined by
any superpotential. However, since the method relies on the perturbative expansion given
in eq. (3.8), one has to restrict the values of the free parameters of the model (e.g. the
values of v
α
, superpotential parameters, . . . ) such that the perturbative expansion makes
sense. This restricts the range of validity of the method for general physical conditions.
4 The soft-wall metric
We consider the exponential superpotential used in soft-wall phenomenological models [15]:
W
0
(φ) =
6
`κ
2
1 + e
γφ
. (4.1)
This function W
0
(φ) is an exact solution of the EoM involving the scalar potential
V (φ) = −
6
`
2
κ
2
1 + 2e
γφ
+
1 −
3γ
2
4κ
2
e
2γφ
. (4.2)
Following the general procedure described in section 3, we find
W
1
(φ) =
1
`κ
2
exp
4κ
2
3γ
2
γφ − e
−γφ
. (4.3)
The scalar field φ = φ
0
+ sφ
1
turns out to be given by
φ
0
(r) = v
0
−
1
γ
log
1 −
r
r
S
, (4.4)
φ(r) = φ
0
(r) + s
2
γ (r
S
− r)
Z
φ
0
(r)
v
0
W
0
1
(
¯
φ)
[W
0
0
(
¯
φ)]
2
d
¯
φ , (4.5)
– 9 –
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