Python Twisted框架：事件驱动的网络编程指南

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Why Use Twisted?

Why should you use Twisted instead of some other networking library or framework?

Here are a few compelling reasons. Twisted is:

Python-powered

Twisted is written in Python, a powerful, object-oriented, interpreted language.

Python is a language that inspires great enthusiasm among its fans, and for good

reason. It’s a joy to program in Python, which is easy to write, easy to read, and easy

to run. And because Python is cross-platform, you can run the same Twisted ap‐

plication on Linux, Windows, Unix, and Mac OS X.

Asynchronous and event-based

Synchronous network libraries leave developers with a painful choice: either allow

the application to become unresponsive during network operations, or introduce

the additional complexity of threading. Twisted’s event-based, asynchronous

framework makes it possible to write applications that stay responsive while pro‐

cessing events from multiple network connections, without using threads.

Full-featured

Twisted includes an amazing amount of functionality. Mail, web, news, chat, DNS,

SSH, Telnet, RPC, database access, and more—it’s all there, ready for you to use.

Flexible and extensible

Twisted provides high-level classes to let you get started quickly. But you’ll never

find yourself limited by the way things work out of the box. If you need advanced

functionality, or if you need to customize the way a protocol works, you can. You

can also write your own protocol implementation, to control every byte sent over

the wire.

Open source

Twisted is free, both as in beer and as in freedom. It includes full source code and

is released under a liberal license. Want to distribute all or part of Twisted with your

application? You’re welcome to do so, with no obligations to release your own code

or pay any licensing fees. Want to get a better understanding of how an object in

Twisted works? Take a look at the source. And when you get to the point where

you’re developing your own improvements and extensions to Twisted, you can

contribute them to the community for the benefit of others.

Community-backed

Twisted has an active community of developers and users. If you run into a problem,

you’ll find many fellow developers ready to help on one of the Twisted mailing lists

(see “Finding Answers to Your Questions” on page 8, in Chapter 1). Or you can

drop into the #twisted IRC channel, where the chances are good you’ll be able to

start a live conversation with the very person who wrote the code you’re having

trouble with.

xiv | Preface

An integration-friendly platform

A Twisted application can share data between several different services within the

same process. This makes integration tasks a snap. You can write an SMTP-to-

XMLRPC proxy, an SSH server that lets you update a website, or a web discussion

board that includes an NNTP interface. If you need to transfer data between systems

that don’t speak the same protocol, Twisted will make your job a whole lot easier.

What This Book Covers

This book does not attempt to exhaustively document every module and class available

for the Twisted framework. Instead, it focuses on presenting practical examples of the

most common tasks that developers building network applications face. This book will

also help you to understand the key concepts and design patterns used in Twisted

applications.

This book has three parts:

Learning Twisted basics through building basic clients and servers

This part covers installing Twisted, an architectural overview of the framework,

and building basic TCP clients and servers. We then apply the primitives and idioms

from the chapters on basic applications to a variety of client and server examples

for a particular protocol, HTTP.

Building production-grade servers

At this point, well-practiced with basic clients and servers, we focus on deploying

these applications in a robust and standardized fashion using the Twisted applica‐

tion infrastructure. This part also adds to our repertoire common components of

production-grade servers: logging, database access, authentication, using threads

and processes in a Twisted-safe way, and testing.

More practice through examples from other protocols

For more practice, to give a sense of Twisted’s breadth, and to cover many popular

uses of Twisted, the final part of the book explores clients and servers for IRC,

various mail protocols, and SSH.

Conventions Used in This Book

This book uses standard typographical conventions to highlight different types of text.

You’ll see the following font styles used:

Italic

Used for emphasis, to highlight technical terms the first time they appear, and for

commands, packages, filenames, directories, and URLs

Preface | xv

The focus of this book has also been sharpened to give you fluency in Twisted’s primitives

and idioms with minimal distraction from the nitty-gritty details of specific protocols.

Almost all of the examples have been streamlined, and where reasonable, reworked so

that you have client and server pairs that can be run together to maximize experimen‐

tation value. Also, as part of building a solid conceptual foundation, the section on

Deferreds, a frequent source of confusion and frustration for developers new to event-

driven programming, has been expanded into its own chapter with many more

examples.

Since the structure and many of the examples have changed, it is hard to give a short

and complete enumeration of the differences between this edition and the last. I hope

this has given you some idea, though, and I welcome your thoughts and feedback.

Portions of Chapters 2, 3, and 6 were adapted from the author’s chapter on Twisted for

The Architecture of Open Source Applications, Volume II under a Creative Commons

Attribution 3.0 Unported license. You can find out more about this book at The Archi‐

tecture of Open Source Applications home page and about this license at the Creative

Commons website.

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if this book includes code

examples, you may use the code in your programs and documentation. You do not need

to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code.

For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does

not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly

books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting

example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of ex‐

ample code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,

author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Twisted Network Programming Essentials,

McKellar, 978-1-4493-2611-1.”

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above,

feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

Safari® Books Online

Safari Books Online (

www.safaribooksonline.com) is an on-demand

digital library that delivers expert content in both book and video

form from the world’s leading authors in technology and business.

Preface | xvii

Technology professionals, software developers, web designers, and business and crea‐

tive professionals use Safari Books Online as their primary resource for research, prob‐

lem solving, learning, and certification training.

Safari Books Online offers a range of product mixes and pricing programs for organi‐

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Wiley & Sons, Syngress, Morgan Kaufmann, IBM Redbooks, Packt, Adobe Press, FT

Press, Apress, Manning, New Riders, McGraw-Hill, Jones & Bartlett, Course Technol‐

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How to Contact Us

Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher:

O’Reilly Media, Inc.

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We have a web page for this book, where we list errata, examples, and any additional

information. You can access this page at http://oreil.ly/twisted-network-2e.

To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to bookques

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For more information about our books, courses, conferences, and news, see our website

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Acknowledgments

Twisted was my first-ever experience with open source contribution. I am so grateful

that as a naive and clueless intern way back when, Glyph, JP, Itamar, and others patiently

guided me through the contribution process and invested their time in making me a

core developer for the project. What I’ve learned from this wonderful community

xviii | Preface

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