伽马干涉SAR处理器ISP用户指南

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"ISP用户指南，一份关于gamma干涉处理操作的说明书，主要面向sar处理人员。" 本文档是Gamma Remote Sensing AG编写的Interferometric SAR Processor (ISP) V1.6用户指南，发布于2011年5月。ISP是一款专门用于处理干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）数据的软件，它支持多种卫星平台的数据处理，包括ERS、ENVISAT ASAR、JERS-1、PALSAR、RADARSAT-1、SIR-C、TerraSAR-X、RADARSAT-2、COSMO-SkyMed、KOMPSAT-5以及IECAS机载SAR数据。 1. 简介 (INTRODUCTION) 这部分可能介绍了ISP软件的基本功能、目标和在干涉SAR分析中的重要性，以及如何利用该工具进行高级地球观测应用，如地壳运动监测、地形测绘等。 2. 预处理 (PRE-PROCESSING) 预处理是SAR数据分析的关键步骤，涉及数据转换和修改： - 数据转录和修改 (Datatranscriptionandmodification)：此阶段包括将原始SAR图像数据转换成适合ISP处理的格式，并可能进行必要的质量检查和校正。 - ISP SLC参数文件生成 (GenerationofISPSLCparameterfile)： - 对于不同卫星平台，如ERS，有特定的参数设置和文件生成过程。 - ENVISAT ASAR的处理可能需要调整特定的参数来适应其特有的数据结构。 - 同样，JERS-1、PALSAR、RADARSAT-1、SIR-C、TerraSAR-X、COSMO-SkyMed、KOMPSAT-5和IECAS机载SAR也有各自的处理流程和参数设置。 - 轨道状态矢量操作 (Manipulationoforbitalstatevectors)： - 额外状态矢量的生成 (Generationofadditionalstatevectors) 是为了确保精确的几何定位。 - 状态矢量的修改 (Modificationofstatevectors) 可能包括对如DELFT或ERS、Envisat的PRC精密轨道、DORIS精密轨道以及RADARSAT-2的MDA精密轨道的调整。 3. 校准 (Calibration) 校准是为了减少系统误差，提高最终干涉图的质量： - 对于ERS，可能包括了辐射校正和几何校正。 - ENVISAT ASAR的校准步骤可能与ERS类似，但可能需要针对其传感器特性的额外调整。 - JERS-1、PALSAR、TerraSAR-X和Cosmo-SkyMed的校准过程同样涵盖了解析度、增益、偏振等关键参数的调整。这份指南详细阐述了如何利用ISP软件处理各种来源的SAR数据，为 SAR处理人员提供了一套全面的操作流程，帮助他们有效地分析和解释地球表面的变化。

Interferometric SAR Processor - ISP

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SkyMed SCS (Single-Look Complex Slant) (Level 1A) data as provided by ASI and creates

the ISP image parameter and SLC file in the format used by GAMMA software. The format

of COSMO-SkyMed SCS data is HDF5. More information is provided in the ISP Reference

Manual.

2.2.10. KOMPSAT-5

The interface between a KOMPSAT-5 SLC in the format provided by KARI and the format

used by the GAMMA Software is the program par_KS_SLC. The program reads KOMPSAT-

5 SCS (Level 1A) (Single-Look Complex Slant) as provided and creates the ISP image

parameter and SLC file in the format used by GAMMA software. The format of KOMPSAT-

5 SCS data is HDF5. More information is provided in the ISP Reference Manual.

2.2.11. IECAS airborne SAR

The interface between a IECAS SLC dataset and the format used by the GAMMA Softwareis

the program par_IECAS_SLC. The program reads dataset generated by IECAS and creates

the ISP image parameter and SLC file in the format used by GAMMA software. More

information is provided in the ISP Reference Manual.

2.3. Manipulation of orbital state vectors

Manipulation of orbital state vectors means either adding state vectors to those provided with

the data or improving the accuracy of the position and velocity information contained in the

metadata accompanying the SLC/PRI/MLI data.

If the SLC/PRI/MLI has been obtained with the MSP, this operation should have already been

carried out. If data is obtained from an external source, the ISP offers a set of programs for

adding and updating state vectors.

2.3.1. Generation of additional state vectors

If the number of state vectors provided with the SLC/PRI data is too small or the state vectors

are too coarse for accurate processing of the image data, additional state vectors can be

computed. The program ORB_prop_SLC calculates additional state vectors using orbit

propagation and interpolation.

2.3.2. Modification of state vectors

The orbit state vectors of ERS and ENVISAT ASAR data provided by the product processing

facilities can be improved by substituting the available records with data provided by external

sources. Depending on the source of the orbital data, the ISP offers specific programs to

determine the state vectors from the external data files and update the state vectors in the ISP

SLC parameter file.

For ERS there are basically two types of orbital information from external sources available:

DELFT orbits provided by DEOS and PRC precision orbits provided by DLR. For ENVISAT

there are two types of orbital information from external sources available: DELFT orbits

Interferometric SAR Processor - ISP

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provided by DEOS and DORIS orbits provided by ESA. For more information the user

should refer to the Documentation on InSAR Processing Theory.

For JERS, RADARSAT-1 and SIR-C there are no external sources that allow improving the

orbital state vectors provided with the data. The state vectors provided with PALSAR,

TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed data do not require an update.

For RADARSAT-2 orbital state vectors are available from MDA.

2.3.2.1. DELFT orbits, ERS and Envisat

To improve the state vectors in the ISP SLC parameter file with orbital data provided by

DEOS, use the programs DELFT_vec2. This program extracts and interpolates Delft ERS-1,

ERS-2, and ENVISAT state vectors to calculate or update the ISP SLC parameter file state

vectors.

The DELFT orbit data are distributed as files (ODR.*) for ERS-1, ERS-2, and ENVISAT. It

is suggested to download the ODR files and the arclist to a local directory, from which the

orbit files required for processing can be retrieved. Once downloaded both the ERS-1 and

ERS-2 ODR files from the website, they should be stored in separate ERS-1 and ERS-2

directories. If this is too much data to download, only the required ODR files for processing

can be downloaded. To find the necessary ODR file, the arclist file contained in the same

directory with the ODR files at DEOS should be used.

2.3.2.2. PRC Precision Orbits, ERS

To extract state vectors from ERS-1 and ERS-2 PRC precision orbit state vector files and

store then in an ISP SLC parameter file, use the program PRC_vec. The program reads ERS-1

and ERS-2 PRC precision state vector files provided by ESA and extracts a specified number

of state vectors that bracket the raw data set. The state vectors are written into the ISP SLC

parameter file along with the start time and time interval between state vectors. The default

number of state vectors is 5 spaced at 30 second intervals. This is adequate unless multiple

frames are processed. Up to 64 state vectors can be extracted.

It is suggested to download the PRC files from ESA ESRIN ftp site to a local directory, from

which the orbit files required for processing can be retrieved.

2.3.2.3. DORIS Precision Orbits, Envisat

To extract state vectors from ENVISAT ASAR DORIS precision orbit state vector files and

store then in an ISP SLC parameter file, use the program DORIS_vec. The program reads

ENVISAT ASAR DORIS precision state vector files provided by ESA and extracts a

specified number of state vectors that bracket the raw data set.

It is suggested to download the DORIS files from ESA ESRIN ftp site to a local directory,

from which the orbit files required for processing can be retrieved.

2.3.2.4. MDA precision orbits, RADARSAT-2

Interferometric SAR Processor - ISP

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Update of the orbital state vectors information in the parameter file of a RADARSAT-2 image

is possible with the program RSAT2_vec. The program requires external orbital information

provided by MDA. The state vectors in the parameter file are updated. The user can choose

the number of state vectors to be replaced/inserted in the updated ISP SLC parameter file.

2.4. Calibration

If an SLC/PRI/MLI has been obtained with the MSP but has not been calibrated, it is strongly

suggested to calibrate the image with the MSP programs in order to avoid confusions with

calibration of data generated from a processing facility. Refer to the MSP User’s Guide for

more information.

The ISP supports the radiometric calibration with the programs radcal_SLC, radcal_PRI and

radcal_MLI. In particular, radcal_PRI converts ESA processed short integer format PRI

images to radiometrically calibrated ground range images (float).

Radiometric calibration of SLC/MLI images consists of:

• range spreading loss correction

• antenna gain correction

• normalization reference area correction

• correction for calibration constant (absolute calibration)

Correction for analog digital converter (ADC) saturation is not supported.

Depending on the sensor and on data type, images can be uncalibrated, relatively calibrated or

absolutely calibrated. For more details it is referred to the following Sub-sections.

While the correction for range spreading loss and the normalization reference area can be set

by choosing the desired flag value (see Reference Guide for more information), correction for

antenna gain, if applied, requires an external file (provided with the software). The antenna

diagram consists of a text file in which the antenna pattern for the specific acquisition mode is

listed. Absolute calibration is obtained by providing the calibration constant. Typically this

value is provided by the processing facility and is stored in the ISP SLC parameter file.

The output can be scaled with an additional scaling factor, as required, for example, for output

in short integer format.

Tip: When calibrating a MLI image it is recommended to use an extension *.cmli. When

calibrating a SLC image it is recommended to use an extension *.cslc. When calibrating a

ground range image, e.g. a PRI image, it is recommended to use an extension *.grd.

2.4.1. ERS

The file containing the antenna gain correction is provided with the software. The correction

for the calibration factor is provided by the processing facility and can be found in the ISP

SLC parameter file under the keyword “calibration gain”.

2.4.2. ENVISAT ASAR

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For ENVISAT ASAR the program ASAR_XCA supports the interpretation of the ASAR

external calibration data file (ASA_XCA) provided by ESA. This file contains calibration

scale factors for all ASAR modes and products and the ASAR antenna diagrams for all the

swaths. The program reads the ENVISAT ASAR external calibration data file, writes

calibration factors for the different modes and data products to the screen and generates

antenna diagram files for all the modes or one specified mode in the format used by GAMMA

software.

The correction for the calibration factor is also provided by the processing facility and can be

found in the ISP SLC parameter file under the keyword “calibration gain”.

2.4.3. JERS-1

All image products supported by the GAMMA software are calibrated (see Section 2.2.3).

2.4.4. PALSAR

Level 1.1 (SLC) and 1.5 (orthorectified intensity) data are already relatively calibrated. To

achieve absolute calibration for SLC data the external calibration factor must be provided at

the command line of radcal_SLC. The value -115 dB should be given at the command line.

For more details see Example B. For orthorectified intensity products absolute calibration is

performed during re-formatting of the data with the program par_EORC_PALSAR_geo. The

calibration constant is in this case -83 dB. Hence no further calibration is required. For K&C

PALSAR data the calibration constant of -83 dB shall be applied. Calibration is supported by

the program radcal_MLI.

2.4.5. TerraSAR-X

TerraSAR-X data in SSC, MGD and EEC format are already relatively calibrated. Absolute

calibration is done automatically by the corresponding programs for the generation of the ISP

SLC parameter file (See Section 2.2.7), which add the calibration constant found in the xml

annotation file. For data acquired during the commissioning phase (before 7 January 2008) an

additional offset of 56 dB needs to be added. This can be done for example with radcal_MLI

or radcal_SLC.

2.4.6. Cosmo-SkyMed

SLC image products are calibrated to sigma nougt format when imported with the program

par_CS_SLC. The calibration constant for absolute calibration is provided in the SLC

parameter file.

2.4.7. RADARSAT-2

SLC image products are calibrated. The program par_RSAT2_SLC scales however the image

with a 60 dB factor (see also processing of ERS SLC data). To obtain the correct magnitude,

e.g. after multi-looking, a scaling factor of 10

-6

needs to be applied.

2.5. Multi-looking

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