C# 5.0 in a Nutshell, Fifth Edition: 精要指南

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"C# in a Nutshell, 5th Edition.pdf 是一本关于C# 5.0的英文版技术书籍，由Joseph Albahari和Ben Albahari合著。本书以其简洁明了、条理清晰的写作风格，帮助读者快速理解和掌握C#的新特性，同时对已知知识提供新的洞见。此书由O'Reilly Media, Inc.出版，并可在www.allitebooks.com找到。" 《C# 5.0 in a Nutshell》第五版深入介绍了C#编程语言的各个方面，特别关注C# 5.0引入的新功能。C# 5.0是一个重要的更新，其中包含了一些关键特性，如异步编程支持（async/await关键字）、动态类型增强、更好的LINQ支持以及更强大的类型系统改进。本书的作者Joseph Albahari和Ben Albahari是C#领域的权威专家，他们在书中详细讨论了以下几个核心主题： 1. **基础语法**：涵盖了C#的基本语法结构，包括变量、常量、运算符、控制流（条件语句、循环）以及异常处理。 2. **类与对象**：深入探讨面向对象编程的核心概念，如类、对象、继承、多态性和接口。 3. **泛型**：详细阐述了泛型的概念，如何创建和使用泛型类、接口和方法，以及它们在实现类型安全和代码重用中的作用。 4. **LINQ（Language Integrated Query）**：详细介绍了C#中的查询表达式，包括如何使用LINQ进行数据库查询、XML处理和集合操作。 5. **异步编程**：重点讲解了C# 5.0引入的异步编程模型，包括async和await关键字，以及如何利用这些新特性编写非阻塞I/O密集型和计算密集型应用。 6. **动态类型**：讨论了dynamic关键字的使用，允许在运行时绑定成员，为交互式脚本和COM互操作提供了便利。 7. **多线程和并发**：涵盖了线程管理、锁和同步原语，以及.NET框架提供的并行处理库Task Parallel Library (TPL)。 8. **元数据和反射**：解释了.NET的元数据系统以及如何通过反射动态地访问类型和对象。 9. **Windows Phone和Windows Store应用程序开发**：可能涉及如何使用C#构建针对这些平台的应用程序，包括UI设计和API使用。 10. **调试和性能优化**：提供了调试技巧和性能分析方法，帮助开发者找出并修复代码瓶颈。此外，本书还包含了丰富的示例代码和实用的提示，旨在帮助读者将理论知识转化为实际开发能力。附录中可能还包含了C#语言规范的详细参考，以及对.NET Framework的重要组件和服务的概述。这本书适合有一定C#基础的开发者阅读，无论是想了解C# 5.0的新特性，还是希望深化对C#语言整体理解的程序员，都能从中受益。通过阅读《C# 5.0 in a Nutshell》，读者可以提升自己的编程技能，更好地适应现代软件开发的需求。

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Using Code Examples

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xiv | Preface

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Acknowledgments

Joseph Albahari

First, I want to thank my brother, Ben Albahari, for persuading me to take on C#

3.0 in a Nutshell, whose success has spawned two subsequent editions. Ben shares

my willingness to question conventional wisdom, and the tenacity to pull things

apart until it becomes clear how they really work.

It’s been an honor to have superb technical reviewers on the team. This edition owes

much to two legendary individuals at Microsoft: Eric Lippert (C# compiler team)

and Stephen Toub (Parallel Programming team). I can’t thank you enough for your

extensive and useful feedback—and for answering all my questions. I’m also

immensely grateful to C# MVP Nicholas Paldino, whose keen eye and ability to pick

up things that others miss, shaped this book and two previous editions.

This book was built on C# 4.0 in a Nutshell, whose technical reviewers I owe a

similar honor. Chris Burrows (C# compiler team) significantly polished the chapters

on concurrency, dynamic programming, and the C# language. From the CLR team,

I received invaluable input on security and memory management from Shawn

Preface | xv

languages such as C++ and Eiffel, C# does not support multiple inheritance of

classes).

Properties, methods, and events

In the pure object-oriented paradigm, all functions are methods (this is the case

in Smalltalk). In C#, methods are only one kind of function member, which also

includes properties and events (there are others, too). Properties are function

members that encapsulate a piece of an object’s state, such as a button’s color

or a label’s text. Events are function members that simplify acting on object

state changes.

Type Safety

C# is primarily a type-safe language, meaning that instances of types can interact

only through protocols they define, thereby ensuring each type’s internal consis-

tency. For instance, C# prevents you from interacting with a string type as though

it were an integer type.

More specifically, C# supports static typing, meaning that the language enforces

type safety at compile time. This is in addition to type safety being enforced at

runtime.

Static typing eliminates a large class of errors before a program is even run. It shifts

the burden away from runtime unit tests onto the compiler to verify that all the types

in a program fit together correctly. This makes large programs much easier to man-

age, more predictable, and more robust. Furthermore, static typing allows tools such

as IntelliSense in Visual Studio to help you write a program, since it knows for a

given variable what type it is, and hence what methods you can call on that variable.

C# also allows parts of your code to be dynamically typed via

the dynamic keyword (introduced in C# 4). However, C# re-

mains a predominantly statically typed language.

C# is also called a strongly typed language because its type rules (whether enforced

statically or at runtime) are very strict. For instance, you cannot call a function that’s

designed to accept an integer with a floating-point number, unless you first explic-

itly convert the floating-point number to an integer. This helps prevent mistakes.

Strong typing also plays a role in enabling C# code to run in a sandbox—an envi-

ronment where every aspect of security is controlled by the host. In a sandbox, it is

important that you cannot arbitrarily corrupt the state of an object by bypassing its

type rules.

Memory Management

C# relies on the runtime to perform automatic memory management. The Common

Language Runtime has a garbage collector that executes as part of your program,

reclaiming memory for objects that are no longer referenced. This frees programmers

2 | Chapter 1: Introducing C# and the .NET Framework

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