2000年John Grayson著作：Python与Tkinter图形界面编程指南

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tkinter

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preface

I first encountered Python in 1993 when I joined a small company in Rhode Island. Their pri-

mary product was a GUI-builder for X/Motif that generated code for C, C++, Ada and Python. I

was tasked with extending the object-oriented interface for X/Motif and Python. In the past I’d

become skeptical about the use of interpretive languages, so I began the task with little excite-

ment. Two days later I was hooked. It was easy to develop interfaces that would have taken much

more time and code to develop in C. Soon after, I began to choose interfaces developed using the

Python interface in preference to compiled C code.

After I left the company in Rhode Island, I began to develop applications using Tkinter,

which had become the preeminent GUI for Python. I persuaded one company, where I was

working on contract, to use Python to build a code-generator to help complete a huge project

that was in danger of overrunning time and budget. The project was a success. Four years later

there are many Python programmers in that company and some projects now use Tkinter and

Python for a considerable part of their code.

It was this experience, though, that led me to start writing this book. Very little documenta-

tion was available for Tkinter in the early days. The Tkinter Life Preserver was the first document

that helped people pull basic information together. In 1997 Fredrik Lundh released some excel-

lent documentation for the widget classes on the web, and this has served Tkinter programmers

well in the past couple of years. One of the problems that I saw was that although there were sev-

eral example programs available (the Python distribution contains several), they were mostly brief

in content and did not represent a framework for a full application written with Tkinter. Of

course, it is easy to connect bits of code together to make it do more but when the underlying

architecture relies on an interpreter it is easy to produce an inferior product, in terms of execu-

tion speed, aesthetics, maintainability and extensibility.

So, one of the first questions that I was asked about writing Tkinter was “How do I make an

XXX?” I’d usually hand the person a chunk of code that I’d written and, like most professional

programmers, they would work out the details. I believe strongly that learning from full, working

examples is an excellent way of learning how to program in a particular language and to achieve

particular goals.

When I was training in karate, we frequently traveled to the world headquarters of Shuko-

kai, in New Jersey, to train with the late Sensei Shigeru Kimura. Sensei Kimura often told us “I

xvi PREFACE

can’t teach you how to do this (a particular technique)—you have to steal it.” My approach to

learning Tkinter is similar. If someone in the community has solved a problem, we need to steal

it from them. Now, I am not suggesting that we infringe copyright and professional practice! I

simply mean you should learn from whatever material is available. I hope that you will use the

examples in the book as a starting point for your own creations. In a small number of cases I have

used code or the ideas of other programmers. If this is the case I have given the original author an

appropriate acknowledgment. If you use one of these pieces of code, I’d appreciate it if you would

also acknowledge the original author. After all, what we “steal” has more value than what we pro-

duce ourselves—it came from the Sensei!

I was impressed by the format of Douglas A. Young’s The X Window System: Programming

and Applications with Xt. It is a little old now, but it had a high proportion of complete code

examples, some of which made excellent templates upon which new applications could be built.

Python and Tkinter Programming has some parallels in its layout. You will find much longer

examples than you may be accustomed to in other programming books. I hope that many of the

examples will be useful either as templates or as a source of inspiration for programmers who

have to solve a particular problem.

One side effect of presenting complete examples as opposed to providing code fragments is

that you will learn a great deal about my style of programming. During the extensive reviews for

Python and Tkinter Programming some of the reviewers suggested alternate coding patterns for

some of the examples. Wherever possible, I incorporated their suggestions, so that the examples

now contain the programming styles of several people. I expect that you will make similar

improvements when you come to implement your own solutions.

I hope that you find Python and Tkinter Programming useful. If it saves you even a couple of

hours when you have an application to write, then it will have been worth the time spent reading

the book.

xvii

special thanks

Writing Python and Tkinter Programming has been the collective effort of many people. Each of

these persons contributed their time, expertise and effort to help make the book more effective.

Many of the words are theirs and not mine—the book is now better.

I want to thank the team of technical reviewers: Fred L. Drake, Robin Friedrich, Alan

Gauld, Bob Gibson, Lynn Grande, Doug Hellmann, Garrett G. Hodgson, Paul Kendrew,

Andrew M. Kuchling, Cameron Laird, Gregory A. Landrum, Ivan Van Laningham, Burt Leaven-

worth, Ken McDonald, Frank McGeough, Robert Meegan, William Peloquin, Robert J. Roberts

and Guido van Rossum. They provided detailed comments that resulted in significant improve-

ments to the book’s content, focus and accuracy.

Some of the code examples were derived from code written by others. I want to thank these

authors for agreeing to allow me to use their code in this book.

Doug Hellman wrote an excellent module for Pmw, GUIAppD.py, which I adapted as App-

Shell.py and used for many examples within the book. Doug agreed that I could use the code. If

you find AppShell.py useful in your applications, please acknowledge the original author of this

work.

Konrad Hinsen wrote TkPlotCanvas.py, which was intended to be used with NumPy,

which uses extension modules optimized for numerical operations. I adapted it to run without

NumPy and also added some additional graphical capabilities. Again, if you find it useful, please

acknowledge Konrad Hinsen.

The Tree and Node classes used in chapter 8 are derived from code released by OpenChem

for inclusion within their Open Source project. You might want to look at any future releases

from this organization, since the tree-widget examples presented in this book are limited in their

capability.

Appendix B uses the man pages for Tk as a starting point for documenting Tkinter. The

ative works to be made, provided that the original copyright is acknowledged.

I also want to thank Gordon Smith at General Dynamics for having confidence in the use

of Python and Tkinter in some of the projects for which he was responsible; observing their use

in real-world applications is one of the factors that prompted me to begin the task of writing the

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