48. D-AMPS has appreciably worse speech quality than GSM. Is this due to the
requirement that D-AMPS be backward compatible with AMPS, whereas GSM had
no such constraint? If not, what is the cause?(M)
It is not caused directly by the need for backward compatibility. The 30 kHz channel
was indeed a requirement, but the designers of D-AMPS did not have to stuff three users
into it. They could have put two users in each channel, increasing the payload before
error correction from 260 ×50=13 kbps to 260×75 =19.5 kbps. Thus, the quality loss was
an intentional trade-off to put more users per cell and thus get away with bigger cells.
49. Calculate the maximum number of users that D-AMPS can support
simultaneously within a single cell. Do the same calculation for GSM. Explain the
difference.(M)
D-AMPS uses 832 channels (in each direction) with three users sharing a single
channel. This allows D-AMPS to support up to 2496 users simultaneously per cell. GSM
uses 124 channels with eight users sharing a single channel. This allows GSM to support
up to 992 users simultaneously. Both systems use about the same amount of spectrum (25
MHz in each direction).
D-AMPS uses 30 KHz×832 = 24.96 MHz. GSM uses 200 KHz ×124 =24.80 MHz.
The difference can be mainly attributed to the better speech quality provided by GSM (13
Kbps per user) over D-AMPS (8 Kbps per user).
50. Suppose that A, B, and C are simultaneously transmitting 0 bits, using a
CDMA system with the chip sequences of Fig. 2-45(b). What is the resulting chip
sequence?(E)
传输 0,则时间片序列取其补码,传输 1,则时间序列取其本身。
将 A,B,C 相加后,取补码得结果为:(+3 +1 +1 -1 -3 -1 -1 +1).
51. In the discussion about orthogonality of CDMA chip sequences, it was stated
that if S•T = 0 then S•T is also 0. Prove this.(E)
By definition
If T sends a 0 bit instead of 1 bit, its chip sequence is negated, with the i-th element
becoming Ti . Thus,
52. Consider a different way of looking at the orthogonality property of CDMA
chip sequences. Each bit in a pair of sequences can match or not match. Express the
orthogonality property in terms of matches and mismatches.
When two elements match, their product is +1. When they do not match, their product
is -1. To make the sum 0, there must be as many matches as mismatches. Thus, two chip
sequences are orthogonal if exactly half of the corresponding elements match and exactly
half do not match.
53. A CDMA receiver gets the following chips: (-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1). Assuming
the chip sequences defined in Fig. 2-45(b), which stations transmitted, and which
bits did each one send?(E)
分别与(-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1)做内积:
A:(-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1)d (-1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1) /8 = 1
B:(-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1)d (-1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1) /8 = -1
C:(-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1)d (-1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1) /8 = 0
D:(-1 +1 -3 +1 -1 -3 +1 +1)d (-1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1) /8 = 1
所以 A,D 发送的都是 1 bits,B 发送的是 0 bit,,C 没有发送
Chapter 3 The Data Link Layer Problems
1. An upper-layer packet is split into 10 frames, each of which has an 80 percent
chance of arriving undamaged. If no error control is done by the data link protocol,
how many times must the message be sent on average to get the entire thing through?
(E)
由于每一帧有 0.8 的概率正确到达,整个信息正确到达的概率为 p=0.8
10
=0.107。
为使信息完整的到达接收方,发送一次成功的概率是 p ,二次成功的概率是
(1-p)p,三次成功的概率为(1-p)
2
p,i 次成功的概率为(1-p)
i-1
p,因此平均的发送次