.NET Core中的微服务架构

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"Microservices in .NET Core by Christian Horsdal Gammelgaard with examples in Nancy" 微服务是一种软件开发架构风格，它将大型应用程序分解为一组小型、独立的服务，每个服务都专注于执行特定的业务功能。这种架构模式在现代云环境中越来越受欢迎，特别是在.NET Core平台上。.NET Core是一个跨平台、高性能的开源框架，适合构建微服务。微服务的主要特征包括： 1. 单一职责：每个微服务应仅负责一项功能，保持业务逻辑清晰且易于管理。 2. 独立部署：微服务可以单独部署，不会影响其他服务，这提高了系统的可伸缩性和可靠性。 3. 进程隔离：一个微服务可能由一个或多个进程组成，每个进程独立运行，有助于隔离故障。 4. 数据库所有权：每个微服务拥有自己的数据存储，确保数据一致性，并降低服务之间的依赖。 5. 小型团队管理：小团队可以轻松地维护和开发少数几个微服务，提高效率。 6. 可替换性：微服务设计允许替换或升级某个服务，而不影响整个系统。本书《Microservices in .NET Core》深入探讨了如何在.NET Core环境中使用微服务架构。作者Christian Horsdal Gammelgaard通过Nancy框架提供示例，Nancy是一个轻量级、易用的HTTP服务器和客户端库，适用于构建API和Web应用。书中可能会涵盖以下内容： - 微服务设计原则：如何根据业务需求定义和划分微服务边界。 - 技术选型：选择合适的工具和技术栈，如.NET Core、ASP.NET Core、Docker等。 - 部署与容器化：利用Docker和Kubernetes进行微服务的容器化部署和管理。 - 服务间通信：如何安全有效地实现服务间的通信，如RESTful API、gRPC、消息队列等。 - 数据一致性：处理分布式事务和数据一致性问题，如CAP理论和BASE原则。 - 容错和弹性：构建容错机制，如断路器、重试策略和超时控制。 - 监控与日志：如何实施有效的监控和日志记录，以便快速识别和解决问题。 - 持续集成/持续交付(CI/CD)：自动化构建、测试和部署流程，以加速开发周期。通过这本书，开发者可以学习到如何利用.NET Core构建健壮、可扩展的微服务应用，以及如何在实际项目中应用这些概念。此外，书中可能还会讨论如何应对微服务架构带来的挑战，如复杂性管理和运维问题。对于想要深入理解微服务并希望在.NET Core环境中实践这一技术的开发者来说，这是一本非常有价值的资源。

xiv

acknowledgments

Writing a book takes time—a lot of time. So the first thank you is to my wife, Jane

Horsdal Gammelgaard, for supporting me all the way through. You’re awesome, Jane.

I would like to thank my editor, Dan Maharry, who, through great suggestions, gen-

tle nudges, the occasional shove, and a relentless focus on creating a high-quality

product, pushed me to write a much better book than I would have otherwise. A big

thank you also goes to my technical editor, Michael Lund, for his thorough code

reviews and suggestions for improvements, and for ripping my line of reasoning apart

whenever it wasn’t clear. A special thanks to Karsten Strøbæk for his in-depth techni-

cal proofreading.

I can’t thank enough the amazing group of technical peer reviewers: Andy Kirsch,

Brian Rasmussen, Cemre Mengu, Guy Matthew LaCrosse, James McGinn, Jeff Smith,

Jim McGinn, Matt R. Cole, Morten Herman Langkjær, Nestor Narvaez, Nick McGin-

ness, Ronnie Hegelund, Samuel Bosch, and Shahid Iqbal. They suggested topics and

other ways of presenting topics and caught typos and mistakes in code and terminol-

ogy. Each pass through the review process and each piece of feedback provided

through the forum discussions helped shape the book.

Finally, I want to thank the people at Manning who made this book possible: pub-

lisher Marjan Bace, acquisitions editor Greg Wild, and everyone on the editorial and

production teams, including Tiffany Taylor, Katie Tennant, Melody Dolab, and Gor-

dan Salinovic.

ABOUT THIS BOOK

xvi

writing distributed server-side systems in general and microservices in particular,

which means that the focus is on what a developer needs to know and do to write the

code for a system of microservices. Working knowledge of C# and a bit of

HTTP knowl-

edge is assumed.

How this book is organized

Microservices in .NET Core has 12 chapters spread across four parts:

Part 1 gives a quick introduction to microservices, answering what they are and why

they’re interesting. This part also introduces Nancy and

OWIN, the main technologies

used throughout the book.

■

Chapter 1 introduces microservices—what they are and why they matter. It

introduces the six characteristics of microservices that I use to guide the design

and implementation of microservices. At the end of the chapter, we say hello to

Nancy and

OWIN.

■

Chapter 2 is a comprehensive example of coding a microservice using Nancy

and

OWIN, along with the Polly library and .NET Core. At the end of the chap-

ter, we have a complete, albeit simple, microservice.

Part 2 covers how to split a system into microservices and how to implement function-

ality in a system of microservices.

■

Chapter 3 covers how to identify microservices and decide what to put into each

microservice. This chapter is about the design of a system of microservices as a

whole.

■

Chapter 4 shows how to design and implement the collaboration between

microservices. This chapter discusses the different ways microservices can col-

laborate and shows how to implement those collaborations.

■

Chapter 5 discusses where data should be stored in a system of microservices

and how some of the data may be replicated across several microservices.

■

Chapter 6 explains and demonstrates the implementation of some important

techniques for making microservice systems robust.

■

Chapter 7 takes a thorough look at testing a microservice system, including test-

ing the complete system, testing each microservice, and testing the code inside

the microservices.

Part 3 shows how to speed up development of new microservices by building a solid

microservice platform tailored to the needs of your particular system. Such a platform

provides implementations of a bunch of important concerns that cut across the entire

system of microservices, such as logging, monitoring, and security. In this part you’ll

build such a platform and see how it’s used to create new microservices quickly.

■

Chapter 8 gives an in-depth introduction to OWIN, walks through building

OWIN middleware, and shows how

OWIN middleware is well suited for han-

dling many crosscutting concerns.

ABOUT THIS BOOK

xvii

■

Chapter 9 explains the importance of monitoring and logging in a microservice

system. Building on the

OWIN knowledge from chapter 8, you’ll build OWIN

middleware implementing monitoring support and middleware that aids good

logging from your microservices.

■

Chapter 10 discusses security in a microservice system. The highly distributed

nature of a microservice system poses some security concerns that we discuss in

this chapter. I’ll also walk you through using

OWIN middleware to implement

security features in your microservices.

■

Chapter 11 builds on top of chapters 9 and 10 to create a microservice plat-

form. The platform is built by taking the

OWIN middleware from the previous

chapters and packaging it in NuGet packages ready to be shared across micros-

ervices. The chapter includes an example of creating a new microservice using

the platform.

Part 4 consists of chapter 12, which rounds off the book with some approaches to cre-

ating end-user applications for a microservices system. The chapter also shows how to

build a small application on top of some of the microservices from earlier chapters.

Together, the 12 chapters will teach you how to design and code microservices

using a lightweight, no-nonsense, .

NET-based technology stack.

Code conventions and downloads

Most chapters in this book have sample code. All of this can be found in the download

for this book on Manning’s site at https://www.manning.com/books/microservices-

in-net-core, or in the Git repository on GitHub found at https://github.com/hors-

dal/microservices-in-dotnetcore.

The code is based on .

NET Core, so to run it, you need to install .NET Core,

the dotnet command-line tool, and a suitable

IDE. You can find information on how

to set these up in appendix A.

Throughout the book, I use a number of third-party open source libraries, particu-

larly the Nancy web framework. .

NET Core is a big shift from “traditional” .NET, so

existing libraries need to be ported and thoroughly tested before they can claim full

NET Core support. At the time of writing .NET Core has just reached the 1.0.0 release,

so not all libraries have been tested on .

NET Core. For this reason, the book uses pre-

release versions of libraries—Nancy, for instance, is used in a pre-release version of

Nancy 2.0. If, when you read the book, there are stable releases for .

NET core of the

different libraries (for example, if the stable Nancy 2.0 is out), I recommend using

those as you code along with the examples.

In the GitHub repository, at https://github.com/horsdal/microservices-in-dotnet-

core, the master branch contains the code as it appears in the book. As stable releases

of libraries for .

NET Core come out, I plan to create a current branch and keep a copy

of the code there that I will keep mostly up-to-date with the latest versions of libraries

for a few years after publication of this book.

ABOUT THIS BOOK

xviii

This book contains many examples of source code, both in numbered listings and

inline with normal text. In both cases, source code is formatted in a

fixed-width

font

this

to separate it from ordinary text. Sometimes code is also in bold to high-

light code that has changed from previous steps in the chapter, such as when a new

feature adds to an existing line of code.

In many cases, the original source code has been reformatted; I’ve added line

breaks and reworked indentation to accommodate the available page space in the

book. In rare cases, even this was not enough, and listings include line-continuation

markers (

➥

). Additionally, comments in the source code have often been removed

from the listings when the code is described in the text. Code annotations accompany

many of the listings, highlighting important concepts.

Author Online

Purchase of Microservices in .NET Core includes free access to a private web forum run

by Manning Publications where you can make comments about the book, ask techni-

cal questions, and receive help from the author and from other users. To access the

forum and subscribe to it, point your web browser to https://www.manning.com/

books/microservices-in-net-core. This page provides information on how to get on

the forum once you are registered, what kind of help is available, and the rules of con-

duct on the forum. It also provides links to the source code for the examples in the

book, errata, and other downloads.

Manning’s commitment to our readers is to provide a venue where a meaningful

dialog between individual readers and between readers and the authors can take

place. It is not a commitment to any specific amount of participation on the part of

the authors, whose contribution to the forum remains voluntary (and unpaid). We

suggest you try asking the author challenging questions lest his interest strays!

The Author Online forum and the archives of previous discussions will be accessi-

ble from the publisher’s website as long as the book is in print.

About the author

Christian is an independent consultant with many years of experience building web

and distributed systems on .

NET as well as other platforms. He is part of the Nancy

maintainer team and is a Microsoft

MVP for .NET.

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