Python驱动的Arduino真实世界仪器控制

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"本书《Arduino-Real World Instrumentation》是关于利用Python进行实际世界仪器控制和数据采集的指南，由J.M.Hughes撰写，由O'Reilly Media出版。" 在Arduino的世界里，真实世界的仪器交互是一个关键领域，这本书深入探讨了如何将开源硬件平台Arduino与Python编程语言相结合，以实现自动化数据获取和控制系统。Python因其简洁的语法和强大的科学计算库而成为数据处理和控制应用的理想选择，而Arduino则提供了物理接口，使得我们可以与各种传感器、执行器和其他硬件设备进行通信。书中的内容可能涵盖了以下几个方面： 1. **Arduino基础**：介绍Arduino开发板的基本原理、硬件组成以及如何编写和上传Arduino代码。这包括了解Arduino IDE、电路设计和基本的数字和模拟输入输出操作。 2. **Python与Arduino的连接**：讲解如何通过串行通信（如USB）将Python程序与Arduino相连，以发送指令和接收数据。可能会涉及pySerial库的使用，这是Python中用于串行通信的常用库。 3. **数据采集**：涵盖如何使用各种传感器（如温度、湿度、光照等）收集实时数据，并通过Python进行处理和分析。这可能涉及到Python的科学计算库如NumPy和Pandas，用于数据清洗、统计分析和可视化。 4. **控制系统设计**：讨论如何使用Python编写控制逻辑，以控制Arduino驱动的执行器或电机。这可能涉及到PID控制器的概念，以及如何在Python中实现它们。 5. **项目实例**：书中可能包含实际的项目案例，比如环境监测系统、自动化家居控制或简单的机器人控制，这些例子将帮助读者将理论知识应用于实践中。 6. **高级主题**：可能深入到更复杂的主题，如多线程编程以实现并行数据处理，或者使用Web服务将Arduino数据实时上传到云端。 7. **错误处理和调试**：介绍如何诊断和解决在Python与Arduino交互过程中可能出现的问题，以及有效的调试技巧。 8. **安全与最佳实践**：强调在设计和实施项目时的安全注意事项，以及编写可靠和可维护代码的最佳实践。这本书对于想要将Python的强大功能引入到物理世界互动的爱好者和工程师来说，是一份宝贵的资源。通过学习，读者可以掌握构建自动化数据采集和控制系统的技能，从而在物联网(IoT)、环境监测、智能家居等领域大展拳脚。

Why Python?

Python is an interpreted language developed by Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s.

Because of its interpreted nature, there is no compilation step to deal with, and the user

can create and execute programs directly from Python’s command line. The language

itself is also easy to learn and comprehend, so long as one initially avoids the more

advanced features (generators, introspection, list comprehension, and such). Thus,

Python offers the dual benefits of rapid prototyping and ease of comprehension, which

in turn allows for the quick creation of sophisticated tools for a diverse range of

instrumentation applications, without the development burdens and learning curve

normally associated with conventional compiled languages or a vendor-specific pro-

gramming environment.

Python is highly portable, and it is available for almost every modern computing plat-

form. So long as a project sticks to using commonly available interface methods, an

application written initially on a PC running Windows will most likely work without

change on a machine running Linux. The odds are good that the application will also

run on a Sun Solaris machine or an Apple OS X system, although these systems are not

specifically covered in this text. It is only when Python is used in conjunction with

platform-specific extensions or drivers that it loses its portability, so in these cases I

will offer alternatives for both Windows and Linux wherever feasible.

The text includes example code snippets, block diagrams and flow charts to illustrate

key points, and some complete examples utilizing readily available and low-cost inter-

face hardware.

The Systems

The types of instrumentation systems we will examine might be utilized for laboratory

research, or they might be used in industrial settings. An instrumentation system might

be used in an electronics lab, in a wind tunnel, or to collect meteorological data. The

systems may be as simple as a temperature data logger or as complex as a thermal

vacuum chamber control system.

Generally, just about anything that can be interfaced to a PC is a potential candidate

for the techniques described in this book. There are, of course, some devices with closed

proprietary interfaces, but I will not address those, nor will I delve into complex data

collection and process control scenarios such as oil refineries, nuclear power plants, or

robotic spacecraft. Systems in those domains are usually best served with sophisticated

and complex custom control hardware, and equally sophisticated and complex soft-

ware. I will focus instead on those instruments, devices, and systems that can be easily

programmed using any of a number of common interface methods.

Preface | xv

Methodology

Using a step-by-step approach and real-world examples, we will examine the processes

necessary to define the instrumentation application, select the appropriate interfaces

and hardware, and create the low-level extension modules needed (if any) to interface

Python with instrumentation hardware. We will also investigate the use of TkInter,

wxPython, and curses for graphical and text-based user interfaces.

The book includes sections describing what is involved in writing an extension for

Python in order to encapsulate a hardware vendor’s DLL; how to communicate with

USB-based I/O devices; and how to use industry-standard interfaces such as RS-232,

RS-485, and GPIB, along with a survey of what types of hardware one might expect to

find using these interfaces. It also provides references to readily available open source

tools and libraries to reduce, as much as possible, the amount of time spent imple-

menting functionality from scratch.

How This Book Is Organized

This book is organized into 14 chapters and 2 appendixes. The first 12 chapters set the

stage for the implementation examples described in Chapter 14. Chapters 1 through

6 introduce basic concepts that the advanced reader may elect to skip over. Here’s a

closer look at what you’ll find in each chapter:

Chapter 1, Introduction to Instrumentation

Chapter 1 provides an overview of what instrumentation is, how control systems

work, and how these concepts are used in the real world. The examples covered

include automatic outdoor lights, test instrumentation in an electronics engineer-

ing environment, control of a thermal chamber in a laboratory, and batch chemical

processing.

Chapter 2, Essential Electronics

Because this is a hands-on book, we will need to know something about the phys-

ical hardware we want to interface to and have at least a general idea of how it

works. This chapter starts off with an introduction to the basic concepts of elec-

tricity and electronics. It then explores the functional building blocks for data ac-

quisition and control, including discrete digital interfaces, analog interfaces, and

counters and timers. Lastly, it reviews the basic concepts behind serial and parallel

interfaces. If you are already familiar with electric circuit theory and devices, you

could skip this chapter. However, I would recommend that you still at least skim

through the material, on the off chance that there might be something unique here

that you can make use of later.

Chapter 3, The Python Programming Language

Although this book is not a tutorial on Python, this chapter provides an introduc-

tion to the core concepts of Python and summarizes the basics of the language. The

primary emphasis is on the features of Python that will be used frequently in this

xvi | Preface

book. This chapter also provides a brief overview of the tools available to make life

easier for the person doing the programming, and where to go about finding them.

Chapter 4, The C Programming Language

Here, the C programming language is introduced in a high-level overview. The

objective is to provide enough information to enable you to understand the exam-

ples in this book, without delving into the arcane details. Fortunately, C is a rela-

tively simple language, and the information in this chapter should be sufficient to

get you started on creating your own extensions for Python.

Chapter 5, Python Extensions

This chapter describes how a Python extension is created, and what extensions are

typically used for. Examples are provided, both in this chapter and in later chapters,

for you to use as templates for your own efforts.

Chapter 6, Hardware: Tools and Supplies

Although is it possible that one could implement an instrumentation system and

never touch a soldering iron, there is a high probability that some screwdrivers,

wire cutters, and a digital multimeter (DMM) will come in handy. In this chapter

I provide a list of what I would consider to be a basic toolkit for doing instrumen-

tation work. It isn’t much and could all easily fit in a small box on a shelf some-

where. However, there could very well come a time when you really need to see

what’s going on in your system. To this end, I’ve included a discussion of the two

pieces of test equipment that can help you eliminate the guesswork and quickly

get to the root of an interface or control problem: the oscilloscope and the logic

analyzer. This chapter also covers what types of instruments are available and pro-

vides some suggestions for deciding between buying new equipment or picking up

something used.

Chapter 7, Physical Interfaces

Chapter 7 examines the types of interfaces one is most likely to encounter when

attempting to interface Python to data acquisition or control instrumentation.

RS-232 and RS-485, the two most commonly encountered types of serial interfaces,

are examined from an instrument interface perspective. This chapter also covers

the basics of USB and GPIB/IEEE-488 interfaces, along with a discussion of where

one might expect to encounter them. Finally, we turn our attention to I/O hardware

designed to be plugged into the bus of a PC, typically PCI-type circuit boards, and

what one can typically expect in terms of API support from the hardware vendor.

Chapter 8, Getting Started

This chapter contains a description of a proven approach to software development.

It is included here because, when implementing an instrument system in any lan-

guage, it is essential to plan and define what is to be implemented, and then to test

the result against the expectations captured in a set of requirements. By extending

the reach of Python into the real world, we open the door for the uncertainties and

vagueness of the real world to wander back in and impact—sometimes severely—

the instrumentation software.

Preface | xvii

Chapter 9, Control System Concepts

A book on real-world data acquisition and control would be incomplete without

a discussion of control systems and the theory behind them. Chapter 9 expands

on the concepts introduced in Chapter 1 with detailed examinations of common

control system concepts and models, including topics such as feedback, “bang-

bang” controllers, and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controls. It also pro-

vides an introduction to basic control system analysis and provides some guidelines

for choosing an appropriate model. Lastly, we’ll look at how the mathematics of

control systems translates into actual Python code.

Chapter 10, Building and Using Simulators

Chapter 10 examines simulators and how they can be leveraged to speed up the

development process, provide a safe environment in which to test out ideas, and

provide some invaluable (and otherwise unattainable) insights into the behavior

of not only the instrumentation software, but also the device or system being si-

mulated. Whether because the instrumentation hardware just isn’t available yet or

because the target system is too valuable to risk damaging, a simulation can be a

quick and easy way to get the software running, test it, and have a high degree of

confidence that it will work correctly in the real world.

Chapter 11, Instrumentation Data I/O

In this chapter we’ll look at how to use the interfaces that were introduced in

Chapter 7 to move data between the real world and your applications. We’ll start

with a discussion of interface formats and protocols in order to define the basic

concepts we will need for the upcoming software examples, and then we’ll take a

quick tour of some packages that are available for interface support in Python with

the pySerial, pyParallel, and PyVISA packages. Lastly, I’ll show you some techni-

ques to read and write instrumentation data. We’ll take a look at blocking versus

nonblocking I/O, asynchronous input and output events, and how to manage po-

tential data I/O errors to help make your applications more robust.

Chapter 12, Reading and Writing Data Files

Chapter 12 examines some of the implementation considerations and techniques

for saving instrumentation data in a variety of file formats, from plain ASCII and

CSV files to binary files and databases. We’ll also examine Python’s configuration

data file capabilities, and see how easy it is to store and retrieve configuration

parameters using Python’s library methods.

Chapter 13, User Interfaces

Unless an application is deeply embedded or specifically designed to run as a back-

ground process, it will probably need some type of user interface. Chapter 13 ex-

amines what one can do with just the command line and the curses screen control

package for Python, and how to use an ANSI-capable terminal emulator program

to display data and accept input. The chapter wraps up with a look at the TkInter

GUI toolkit provided with the standard Python distribution, and also provides an

overview of the wxPython GUI package.

xviii | Preface

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Python驱动的Arduino真实世界仪器控制

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