Linux深度探索：定制技巧与开源应用指南（2015）

需积分: 10 139 浏览量更新于2024-07-17 收藏 44.25MB PDF 举报

"《Linux, Tips, Tricks & Hacks (2015) 英文版》是一本专为Linux用户打造的实用指南，涵盖了Fedora、Ubuntu和Linux Mint等主流发行版的深入使用技巧和窍门。本书旨在帮助读者解锁开源操作系统的潜力，通过提供600个关键提示和技巧，让你能够充分利用这些系统。首先，作者引导读者自定义构建自己的Linux发行版，根据个人需求定制一个完全符合工作或娱乐习惯的操作环境。无论是作为开发平台、家庭娱乐系统还是教育工具，书中都有相应的教程，确保你能找到适合自己的定制方案。 "Tips"部分包含了详尽的指南，教你如何优化系统设置、安装和管理软件，提高工作效率。这部分内容覆盖了诸如文件管理、网络配置、安全设置等日常使用中的各个方面，旨在使你的Linux体验更加流畅。 "Tricks"部分则着重于介绍各种免费且开源的应用程序，如办公套件、图形编辑器、多媒体处理工具等，这些应用不仅强大，而且能显著提升系统的功能性和实用性。每个教程都详细介绍了如何下载、安装和充分利用这些软件，提升你的技术技能。在"Advanced Customization and Tweaking"（高级定制与调优）章节，作者提供了深度定制技巧，包括硬件驱动优化、性能调校、系统优化等，让读者能够挖掘出系统的潜在能力，使其达到极致性能。最后，书中的"Reviews"部分推荐了一些最佳的Linux发行版和应用程序，帮助你了解最新的技术趋势和发展，保持系统的竞争力。《Linux, Tips, Tricks & Hacks (2015)》是一本综合性的资源，无论你是Linux新手还是经验丰富的用户，都能从中收获实用的知识和技巧，提升你的Linux系统使用水平。"

16 Linux Tips, Tricks, Apps & Hacks

Tips | Tricks | Hacks | Apps

Tips

Host a webmail server

Manage your own webmail server

for personal accounts

Deploy Fedora over a network

Learn how to install Fedora to an

entire LAN

Get started with system

administration

Unlock the full potential of Linux

while learning how to manage it

Test your network’s security

One of the best ways to test your

security is to try to tear it apart…

Protect your network

Build a gateway server that can

intelligently ﬁ lter content

Conﬁ gure a secure virtual

private network

Stop worrying about SSH

vulnerabilities and careless users

Build your own pro-grade

ﬁ rewall

Create a multi-network ﬁ rewall

with a redundant computer

Build, create and enhance your system

“The advantages of

installing and running

Linux on an Android

device are manifold”

WorldMags.net

18 Linux Tips, Tricks, Apps & Hacks

Tips | Tricks | Hacks | Apps

Linux-based distributions such as Fedora and

openSUSE.

To install a Debian package:

# dpkg -i packagename.deb

To install an RPM package:

# rpm -i packagename.rpm

While the dpkg and rpm commands look pretty

straightforward, they are very difﬁ cult to use

practically because of dependency. Each RPM/

DEB package is always dependent on some

other RPM/DEB package; if you do not have the

required package in the exact version number,

the install will not succeed. So in order to

install one package, you have to hunt down the

package it depends on, then install it. By the

way, you will also have hunt down the dependent

packages for the packages your original

package depends on.

To work around this issue, Linux distributions

have created high-level package managers

which automatically download the packages

and resolve all of the dependencies. The only

problem with this approach is it’s not standard

across all distros.

Unlock the full potential of Linux while learning how

to manage it effectively…

Get started with

system administration

Linux is the operating system that has more

network card drivers than video card drivers, if

you catch our drift. Linux was made for network.

Granted, it’s not too shabby in other areas, but

it really excels in the networked environment.

Today Linux powers most of the world’s servers,

whether on the internet or an intranet. One of the

core competencies of Linux, which has made it

perfect for running servers and services, is its

system administration features. These aren’t

just useful for servers in multimillion-pound

companies, but even if you’re using Linux at

home. They give you a very smart and efﬁ cient

way to control and optimise your system to your

exact requirements. This article is designed to

teach you about Linux system administration

from a beginner’s point of view. Most of the tasks

we will cover can be carried out by readers who

are relatively new to ‘getting their hands dirty’,

but we’ll also cover a good few advanced tips for

those who want to delve a little bit deeper.

Advanced Tip:

If you are looking for single sign-on for the

applications and services, you should look

into Linux pluggable authentication modules

(PAM). PAM provides a plug-in like architecture

to develop authentication back-ends. There

are many PAM modules in existence, such

as FTP, OpenPGP smartcards etc. You can

see the complete list of available modules at

www.linux-pam.org/modules.html. This will save

you lots of time creating individual users and your

users will enjoy the freedom of using their existing

credentials instead of remembering new ones.

= regular user commands

= root user commands

The latter must be used as root or by

using the sudo command.

KEY

Managing users

While installing Linux you are asked to create

at least two users for the system. One is root,

which has the ultimate power over the system,

and the other one is the regular user – restricted

to performing day-to-day tasks. Let’s see what

else is possible with regards to users.

To add a user:

# adduser <username>

On some systems (such as Ubuntu) you will

also be asked enter the password for the new

user. On other systems you will need to create

passwords separately:

# passwd <username>

The passwd command can also be used to

change other users’ passwords. When not

used with a username, it offers to change the

password for the user issuing the command.

Installing packages

Most Linux distributions use either the

Debian package format (DEB) or Red Hat

Package Manager (RPM). As already evident

by the package format name, DEB is used on

Debian-based distributions such as Ubuntu

and Knoppix, while RPM is used on Red Hat

In this section we'll look at doing things using some of the tools designed to help us in

system administration tasks.

The tools

“Linux powers

most of the

world’s servers”

WorldMags.net

Linux Tips, Tricks, Apps & Hacks 19

Tips | Tricks | Hacks | Apps

Advanced Tip:

If you want to install and update software on

multiple systems on a network, you can save

a lot of bandwidth and time by creating a local

software repository.

On systems which use ZYpp/YUM, you can

create a local software repository using the

following steps:

Firstly, mirror your desired repo to a folder, eg

/var/www/ludsuserepo/rpms.

# sudo zypper install createrepo

# createrepo /var/ludsuserepo/rpms

At this point, all the required metadata will be added

to the folder to make it a valid repository. To add this

repository to the remote systems, you can use:

# zypper addrepo -t YUM http://<host>/

ludsuserepo/rpms local_repo

On Fedora/Red Hat you can use

Yellowdog Updater, Modiﬁ ed (YUM):

# yum install <packagename>

Note: YUM can also be installed on other

distributions such as Ubuntu and openSUSE.

On Debian/Ubuntu you can use

Advanced Packaging Tool (Apt):

# apt-get install <packagename>

On openSUSE you can use ZYpp:

# zypper install <packageName>

Managing services

In Linux, a service is a crucial application (or

collection of applications) that runs in the

background. They handle everything from

booting the system to serving webpages. You

can use the command ‘service’ (an init script) to

manage services.

To get the status of all the services installed on

the system:

# service --status-all

To start a service:

# service <service name> start

To stop a service:

# service <service name> stop

To get the status of particular service:

# service <service name> status

Running scheduled tasks

If you are doing a repetitive task on your system, it

is better to automate. For example, you may want

to sync ﬁ les between two systems at a regular

interval. Instead of doing it yourself manually, you

can create a scheduled task that automatically

runs at the conﬁ gured intervals. In Linux (and

most UNIX environments) this is achieved through

cron. Cron is a time-based task scheduler.

To create a scheduled tasks using cron…

01 Run the following command to open the

current user’s crontab ﬁ le:

$ crontab -e

If you want a task to be run using root privileges,

you should use the command:

$ sudo crontab -e

02 The crontab ﬁ le will then open in the default

text editor.

The default text editor can be set up using the

EDITOR environment variable:

$ export EDITOR=nano

Crontab takes input in the following format:

minute(0-59) hour(0-23) day(1-31)

month(1-12) weekday(0-6) command

An asterisk ( * ) is used as wild card. For example,

using asterisk with month will cause the task to

run every month.

03 Let’s assume that you want to run /usr/bin/

myludapp every day at 12.30 AM. So we will need

to create the following line in it:

29 0 * * * /usr/bin/myludapp

Here, 29 is for the 30-minute mark and 0 for

12 am because the minute, hour and weekday

values start at 0. However, the day and month

values start at 1 instead of 0.

Managing backups

Backup is very crucial to any system, whether

running in isolation or a networked environment.

You can use rsync to create backups for your

system. Rsync is a ﬁ le synchronisation utility. It

provides the following features which make it a

perfect tool for backups:

• Differential copy: This means it will only copy

the bits that have actually changed.

• On-the-ﬂ y compression: This type of

compression makes the backups fast and

consumes less bandwidth.

• Security: You can user the Secure Shell

protocol (SSH) to do the backups, which makes

the process of backing up very secure.

• Easy to use: rsync is very easy to use, almost

like the cp command but with better features.

To do a local backup:

# rsync -azvv <foldertobackup>

To do a remote backup over SSH (this

will require OpenSSH server to be installed

and started on the remote system):

# rsync --delete -azvv -e -ssh /source/folder

user@remotemachine:/destination/folder

Cron is not the only task scheduler out there. There

are a number of alternatives available. One we

really like is JobScheduler. It provides the following

advantages over cron:

• Provides a log ﬁ le for running programs.

• The execution status of a program is checked

automatically and is reported to the administrator

automatically.

• You can start jobs in a sequence that is dependent

on the execution status of the jobs.

• You can use a centralised user interface to

manage, conﬁ gure and monitor jobs.

QJobScheduler web interface

Advanced Tip:

“If you are doing a repetitive task on

your system, it is better to automate”

WorldMags.net

20 Linux Tips, Tricks, Apps & Hacks

Tips | Tricks | Hacks | Apps

Advanced Tip:

Apart from monitoring the system, you may want

to monitor how individual applications are doing.

Strace will help you do just that.

• sar: collects and reports system activity

information;

These tools are very helpful in monitoring I/O

across the whole system.

$ iostat

avg-cpu:

%user %nice %system %iowait %steal

%idle

0.85 0.05 2.51 6.14 0.00 90.44

Device:

tps kB_

read/s

kB_

wrtn/s

kB_

read

kB_wrtn

sda

35.79 613.38 38.54 519671 32648

fd0

0.00 0.01 0.00 8 0

pmap: pmap reports a memory map of

QOutput from the top command

12:47:37 PM CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %idle

12:47:37 PM all 0.82 0.05 2.29 5.81 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 90.92

12:48:41 PM PID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command

12:48:41 PM 1 0.01 0.17 0.00 0.18 0 init

12:48:41 PM 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 kthreadd

Address Kbytes Mode Offset Device Mapping

0000000000400000 900 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00001 bash

00000000006e0000 4 r---- 00000000000e0000 008:00001 bash

00000000025fc000 2076 rw--- 0000000000000000 000:00000 [ anon ]

00007f0e5f20b000 2044 ----- 000000000000c000 008:00001 libnss_ﬁ les-2.15.so

$ sudo mpstat

$ pmap -d 3275

$ pidstat

Advanced Tip:

While traditionally distributions have been using

the Linux init daemon to manage services, it

has been replaced with modern alternatives.

The most popular alternatives are systemd and

upstart. Systemd is the default on Fedora/Red

Hat, openSUSE, Arch Linux etc. Upstart is the

default on Ubuntu, ChromeOS etc. Both of these

tools provide almost the same kind of beneﬁ ts,

like parallel service startup and on-demand

service initialisation. Both systemd and upstart

are backward compatible with the init system, so

init commands will work just ﬁ ne.

Systemd uses the systmctl command to

manage services, whereas upstart usage the

initctl command for that purpose.

For example, to start a service:

# systemctl start foo.service

# initctl start foo.service

mapped: 26960K writeable/private: 2356K shared: 28K

sysstat performance tools: Most distributions

do not include sysstat by default, but you can

easily install it using your distribution’s package

manager. Systat includes the following tools:

• iostat: reports CPU utilisation and disk I/O

statistics;

• mpstat: reports global and per-processor

statistics;

• pidstat: reports statistics for Linux tasks

(processes);

• nfsiostat: reports I/O statistics for network

ﬁ le systems;

• cifsiostat: reports I/O statistics for CIFS

ﬁ le systems

Here’s a breakdown of the options we’ve used:

-a preserves the timestamps and permissions

of the ﬁ les

-z compresses the data

-vv verbose output

-e sets the shell use for the transfer. Here we are

specifying the SSH shell.

You can put these commands to the crontab

ﬁ le for regular differential backups.

System monitoring

Monitoring is an important part of system

administration. It allows you to proactively

react to issues in real-time. Monitoring also

gives cues on how to improve the performance

of the system. The following are some of the

most important command-line tools used in

monitoring various components of the system…

top: Top provides a real-time view of the running

system. It can be considered as one of the most

versatile system monitoring tools out there. It

displays summary information, a list of threads

or processes, types of system memory, process

status, CPU usage etc.

uptime: Uptime displays the duration for which

the system has been up. It also displays how

many users are currently logged on, along with

the system load averages for the past 1, 5 and

15 minutes.

$ uptime

12:18pm up 12:22, 4 users, load

average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05

WorldMags.net

剩余163页未读，继续阅读

陈潮的电影

粉丝: 0
资源: 2

Linux深度探索：定制技巧与开源应用指南（2015）

Linux教程（英文版）

Linux_101_Hacks 中英文版

Beginning Linux（英文版）

（英文）The CSS Anthology: 101 Essential Tips, Tricks & Hacks 2009

The CSS Anthology: 101 Essential Tips, Tricks & Hacks, 3rd Edition

Jquery下的26个实用小技巧(jQuery tips, tricks & solutions)

The.JavaScript.Anthology.101.Essential.Tips.Tricks.Hacks

101 Google Tricks Tips and Hacks

Mac Kung Fu Over 400 Tips Tricks Hints and Hacks for Apple OS X 2nd Edition

CCSv4_Tips_&_Tricks.pdf

最新资源