J2EE核心模式：最佳实践与设计策略

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"Core J2EE Patterns - Best Practices and Design Strategies" 本书《Core J2EE Patterns - Best Practices and Design Strategies》是一本深入探讨Java企业级应用设计模式的专业书籍，旨在为开发者提供最佳实践和策略，帮助他们构建高效、可扩展且易于维护的J2EE（Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition）系统。书中首先介绍了J2EE平台的基本概念，包括它为何重要以及它为企业级开发带来的优势。J2EE平台是Java技术在服务器端应用的核心，提供了诸如Web服务、事务处理、安全性和数据库访问等关键功能。作者强调，理解J2EE平台的基础是掌握其设计模式的关键。设计模式是软件工程中的重要概念，它们是经过验证的解决方案模板，可以在特定情境下解决常见问题。书中详细阐述了J2EE模式目录，这些模式是基于J2EE平台的最佳实践，涵盖了从表示层到业务层的各种设计问题。模式与框架的关系也被讨论，指出框架通常是模式实现的实例，能够促进代码复用和提高开发效率。书中第二部分分析了设计考虑因素、不良实践和重构。分别对表现层和业务层设计进行了深入探讨，指出了在这些层面上可能出现的问题，并给出了避免这些不良实践的建议。同时，还提出了针对这两个层次的重构方法，以优化代码结构和提高系统的灵活性。第三部分是J2EE模式目录的详细介绍。这部分包含了多个章节，每个章节都专注于一个或一组模式，解释了模式的定义、识别模式的方法以及如何在J2EE环境中应用这些模式。模式的分层方法被用来说明如何在不同的系统组件之间协调工作，确保各层之间的良好分离。通过学习这本书，读者可以提升对J2EE平台的理解，掌握核心设计模式，避免常见的设计陷阱，从而提高开发质量和效率。无论是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中受益，更好地驾驭J2EE开发。书中的模式和重构策略对于构建健壮、可扩展的企业级应用至关重要，它们是J2EE开发者的宝贵资源。

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The last few years have been extraordinary with respect to the

changing landscape of enterprise software development. At the

center of this change is the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE),

which provides a unified platform for developing distributed,

server-centric applications. The widespread adoption of the strategic,

enabling technologies of the J2EE have provided the development

community with open standards on which to build service-based

architectures for the enterprise.

At the same time, learning J2EE technologies is too often confused

with learning to design with J2EE technologies. Many existing Java

books do an excellent job of explaining specific aspects of the

technology, but are not always clear on how to apply it.

A J2EE architect needs to understand more than the relevant APIs,

including

• What are the best practices?

• What are the bad practices?

• What are the common recurring problems and proven solutions

to these problems?

• How is code refactored from a less optimal scenario, or bad

practice, to a better one typically described by a pattern?

That is what this book is all about. Good designs are discovered from

experience. When these designs are communicated as patterns using

a standard pattern template, they become a powerful mechanism for

communication exchange and reuse, and can be leveraged to improve

the way we design and build software.

What Is J2EE?

J2EE is a platform for developing distributed enterprise software

applications. Since the inception of the Java language, it has

undergone tremendous adoption and growth. More and more

technologies have become part of the Java platform, and new APIs

and standards have been developed to address various needs.

Eventually, Sun and a group of industry leaders, under the auspices of

the open Java Community Process (JCP), unified all these

enterprise-related standards and APIs into the J2EE Platform.

The J2EE Platform offers numerous advantages to the enterprise:

• J2EE establishes standards for areas of enterprise computing

needs such as database connectivity, enterprise business

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components, message-oriented middleware (MOM),

Web-related components, communication protocols, and

interoperability.

• J2EE promotes best-of-breed implementations based on open

standards, protecting technological investment.

• J2EE provides a standard platform for building software

components that are portable across vendor implementations,

avoiding vendor lock-in.

• J2EE increases time-to-market since much of the infrastructure

and plumbing is provided by the vendors' products that are

implemented according to the standard J2EE specification. IT

organizations can now get out of the middleware business and

concentrate on building applications for their business.

• J2EE increases programmer productivity, since Java

programmers can relatively easily learn J2EE technologies

based on the Java language. All enterprise software

development can be accomplished under the J2EE platform,

using Java as the programming language.

• J2EE promotes interoperability within existing heterogenous

environments.

We discuss the J2EE Platform in greater detail in Chapter 2, so refer to

that chapter for more information. Now we will take a brief look at

patterns, their history, and the types of patterns in the J2EE Pattern

Catalog that you will find in Part 3 of this book.

What Are Patterns?

Historical References

In the 1970s, Christopher Alexander [Alex, Alex2] wrote a number of

books documenting patterns in civil engineering and architecture. The

software community subsequently adopted the idea of patterns based

on his work, though there was burgeoning interest in the software

community in these ideas already.

Patterns in software were popularized by the book Design Patterns:

Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software by Erich Gamma,

Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides (also known as the

Gang of Four, or GoF). Of course, while the Gang of Four work

resulted in patterns becoming a common discussion topic in software

development teams around the world, the important point to

remember is that the patterns they describe were not invented by

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taxonomies have been suggested, there is no one right way to

document these ideas.

We refer to the patterns in the catalog simply as “J2EE patterns”. Each

pattern hovers somewhere between a design pattern and an

architectural pattern, while the strategies document portions of each

pattern at a lower level of abstraction. The only scheme we have

introduced is to classify each pattern within one of the following three

logical architectural tiers:

• presentation tier

• business tier

• integration tier

At some point in the evolution of the pattern catalog, perhaps it will

grow to a size that will warrant its being classified using a more

sophisticated scheme. Currently, however, we prefer to keep things

simple and not to introduce any new terms unnecessarily.

J2EE Pattern Catalog

Continuous Evolution

The J2EE patterns described in this book are based on our collective

experience of working on the J2EE platform with Sun Java Center

clients around the world. The Sun Java Center, a part of Sun

Professional Services, is a consulting organization focused on building

Java technology-based solutions for customers. We have been

creating solutions for the J2EE platform since the platform's inception,

focusing on achieving Quality of Service goals such as scalability,

availability, and performance.

During the early days, as we designed, developed, and implemented

various systems on the J2EE platform, we started documenting our

experiences in an informal way as design considerations, ideas, and

notes. As the knowledge base grew, we recognized a need for a

slightly more formal documentation to capture and communicate this

knowledge. We transitioned to documenting these ideas as patterns,

since patterns are ideally suited to capturing and communicating

knowledge related to recurring problems and solutions.

The first order of business was to sort out the level of abstraction with

which the patterns were to be documented. Some problems and

solutions overlapped others in that the core of the problem was the

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J2EE核心模式英文版 Core J2EE Patterns - Best Practices and Design Strategies [ Sun Microsystems Press, 2003]