C++编程指南：从入门到实践

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"C++ Programming 指南" 这篇资源主要涵盖了C++编程的各种方面，旨在为学习者提供丰富的参考资料和实用建议。作者Al Dev分享了他的String类实现，并讨论了与C++相关的多个主题，包括类的设计、内存管理、调试工具以及C++的标准库。 1. Introduction - 文档首先介绍了C++与Java之间的差异，帮助读者理解两者在面向对象编程上的区别。 - 接着探讨了选择Ada95、C、C++还是Java的问题，分析各种语言的适用场景和优缺点。 - 讨论了当前C++编译器面临的问题，这可能对程序员的开发过程产生影响。 - 提到了COOP（C++ Object-Oriented Programming），这是关于C++面向对象编程的一种特定方法。 2. String Class Varieties - 部分介绍了多种字符串类的实现方式，包括使用多重继承创建自定义String类的示例，展示了如何通过不同的设计模式来扩展标准库的功能。 3. Download String - 提供了一个下载作者实现的String类的链接，让读者可以直接获取并研究代码。 4. How Can I Trust AlDev's String Class? - 这部分可能涉及作者对其String类可靠性的解释，包括如何验证其安全性和效率。 5. Usage of String class - 解释了如何使用作者提供的String类，包括基本操作和高级功能。 6. String.h file - 描述了String类的头文件，可能包含类的声明和相关函数原型。 7. Renaming the String class - 说明了如何重命名String类，以避免与标准库中的名称冲突。 8. File Class - 讨论了C++中的文件处理，包括I/O操作和文件流的使用。 9. C++ Zap (Delete) Function - 介绍了C++中的删除函数，用于释放动态分配的内存。 10. Pointers are problems - 阐述了指针在C++中的复杂性，以及如何正确管理和使用它们以避免常见错误。 11. Usage of my_malloc and my_free - 引入了自定义的内存分配和释放函数，可能是为了优化内存管理或解决特定问题。 12. Debug files - 提到了调试文件和调试工具的使用，帮助开发者找出程序中的错误。 13. Java-like API - 讨论了如何在C++中创建类似Java的API，以提高代码的可读性和一致性。 14. IDE tools for C++ - 推荐了一些C++集成开发环境（IDE），以提升开发效率和代码质量。 15. C++ Online Textbooks and Docs - 列出了在线的C++教材和文档资源，供学习者参考。 16. C++ Coding Standards - 强调了遵循编程规范的重要性，可能包含了一些最佳实践指南。 17. C++ Online Docs - 提供了C++标准库和其他相关文档的链接。 18. Memory Tools - 介绍了一些用于内存分析和泄漏检测的工具，帮助改进内存管理。 19. Related URLs - 列出了一些相关的网址，为读者提供了进一步学习的资源。 20. C++ Scripting Languages - 讨论了C++与脚本语言的交互，如Boost.Python等。 21. Templates - 详述了C++模板的使用，包括泛型编程的概念。 22. STL References - 强调了标准模板库（STL）的重要性，包括容器、算法和迭代器的使用。 23. Threads in C++ - 解释了如何在C++中进行多线程编程，包括并发和同步机制。 24. C++ Utilities - 提供了一些实用的C++库和工具，可能包括函数库、宏定义等。 25. Other Formats of this Document - 提到该文档可能有其他格式可供选择，以适应不同的阅读习惯。 26. Copyright - 文档的版权信息，保护作者的知识产权。 27. Appendix A: String Program Files - 附录包含了String类的相关源代码文件，供读者深入学习和实践。这个资源是C++初学者和进阶者的宝贵资料，它不仅涵盖了许多基础概念，还涉及到更高级的主题，如模板、多线程和内存管理，可以帮助开发者提高编程技能和理解C++的深度。

Pure Object−oriented langauge but retains syntax of C++. •

Remove all bad or confusing features of C++ in COOP, for e.g. multiple−inheritance, operator

overloading, limit usage of pointers, etc...

•

Prevent writing "C" like programming in COOP, something which C++ currently allows. Delete all C

features which are considered bad or redundant/duplicates, like printf, fprintf, malloc, struct, free etc..

•

No downward compatibility to "C" language.•

Code written in COOP will be easy to maintain and is easily understandable/readable.•

Code written in "COOP" will be re−usable (thru components, modules, objects). Supports re−usable

software components, thereby facilitating Rapid Application Development.

•

COOP is simple, robust, OOP, has bare mininum syntax (avoiding confusing, redundant, extra

constructs of C++ for e.g remove struct and use class)

•

Also borrow ideas from −

Java − Sun Microsystem put lot of effort, and you can simply utilize that.•

Connective C++ at http://www.quintessent.com/products/cc++.•

2. String Class Varieties

The string class is the most vital object in programming, and string manipulations are most extensively used

and they comprise of 20 to 60% of total code. There are 3 variety of string classes. Ofcourse, you can build

your own string class by simply inheriting from these string classes −

String class given in this document Appendix A String.h•

GNU string class

GNU C++ Library − Univ of Tech, Sydney

http://www.socs.uts.edu.au/doc/gnuinfo/libg++/libg++_18.html and user's guide

♦

mirror site Gesellschaft http://www−aix.gsi.de/doc/gnu/libg++_18.html#SEC23 and user's

guide

♦

mirror site Techno, Russia

http://www.techno.spb.ru/~xbatob/FAQ/GNU/libg++_19.html#SEC27 and user's guide

♦

mirror site Univ of Utah http://www.math.utah.edu/docs/info/libg++_19.html#SEC27 and

user's guide

♦

•

Qt String class at http://doc.trolltech.com/qstring.html mirror at

http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~dmartin/qt/qstring.html

•

If none of these alternatives are suitable, you can build your own string class. You can start with one

or more of the pre−built classes listed above (by using single or multiple inheritance.)

•

2.1 Multiple Inheritance − Sample Custom String class

As mentioned above, you can build your own custom string class from the pre−built classes by single or

multiple inheritance. In this section we will build a sample custom string class by using multiple inheritance,

inheriting from the GNU string class and the string class presented in Appendix H.

Start by downloading the sample file 'string_multi.h' from Appendix A . That file is reproduced below:

C++ Programming HOW−TO

2. String Class Varieties 7

// ******************************************************************

// Sample program to demonstrate constructing your own string class

// by deriving from the String class and stdlib's "string" class

// ******************************************************************

#ifndef __STRING_MULTI_H_

#define __STRING_MULTI_H_

#include <string>

#include "String.h"

// Important Notes: In C++ the constructors, destructors and copy

// operator are NOT inherited by the derived classes!!

// Hence, if the operators like =, + etc.. are defined in

// base class and those operators use the base class's contructors

// then you MUST define equivalent constructors in the derived

// class. See the sample given below where constructors mystring(),

// mystring(char[]) are defined.

// Also when you use operator as in atmpstr + mstr, what you are really

// calling is atmpstr.operator+(mstr). The atmpstr is declared a mystring

class mystring:public String, string

{

public:

mystring():String() {} // These are needed for operator=, +

mystring(char bb[]):String(bb) {} // These are needed for operator=, +

mystring(char bb[], int start, int slength):String(bb, start, slength) {}

mystring(int bb):String(bb) {} // needed by operator+

mystring(unsigned long bb):String(bb) {} // needed by operator+

mystring(long bb):String(bb) {} // needed by operator+

mystring(float bb):String(bb) {} // needed by operator+

mystring(double bb):String(bb) {} // needed by operator+

mystring(const String & rhs):String(rhs) {} // Copy Constructor needed by operator+

mystring(StringBuffer sb):String(sb) {} // Java compatibility

mystring(int bb, bool dummy):String(bb, dummy) {} // for StringBuffer class

int mystraa; // customizations of mystring

private:

int mystrbb; // customizations of mystring

};

#endif // __STRING_MULTI_H_

3. Download String

All the programs, examples are given in Appendix of this document. You can download as a single tar zip,

the String class, libraries and example programs from

Go here and click on C++Programming howto.tar.gz file http://www.aldev.8m.com•

Mirror sites are at − http://aldev0.webjump.com, angelfire, geocities, virtualave, 50megs, theglobe,

NBCi, Terrashare, Fortunecity, Freewebsites, Tripod, Spree, Escalix, Httpcity, Freeservers.

•

C++ Programming HOW−TO

3. Download String 8

4. How Can I trust Al Dev's String Class ??

You may a have question of mis−trust on the String class software. To build confidence, there is a scientific

method to verify the functionality of Al Dev's String class. In modern days, computer scientists use the CPU

power instead of human brain power to verify and validate the software. Human brain is too slow and hence

it is better to use the computer's power to test and validate software.

The program example_String.cpp (and also given in Appendix A ) has regression test module which you can

use to run the regression tests several millions of times automatically. After running the regression tests on

the String class you can certify that the String class program is a ROCK SOLID and a

BULLET−PROOF program.

I tested the String class with repeat cycle = 50000 and it ran and completed the program without crash.

While it is running I did not notice any memory leak. On linux, I used /usr/bin/gtop, unix top command,

KDEStart−>System−>KDE System Gaurd and KDEStart−>System−>Process management to monitor the

cpu and memory usage.

I recommend that you start the regression test with repeat cycle equal to 10 million or greater. The greater

the repeat cycle number the greater will be your confidence!! Start the test and go to lunch and come back to

see the results!!

5. Usage of String class

To use String class, you should first refer to a sample program "example_String.cpp" given in Appendix

A and the String class which is given in Appendix A.

The 'String class' is a complete replacement for char and char * datatype. You can use 'String class' just like

char and get much more functionalities. You should link with the library 'libString.a' which you can build

from the makefile given in Appendix A and copy the library to /usr/lib or /lib directory where all the "C++"

libraries are located. To use the 'libString.a' compile your programs like −

g++ example.cpp −lString

See illustration sample code as given below −

String aa;

aa = "Creating an Universe is very easy, similar to creating a baby human.";

// You can use aa.val() like a 'char *' variable in programs

for (unsigned long tmpii = 0; tmpii < aa.length(); tmpii++)

{

//fprintf(stdout, "aa.val()[%ld]=%c ", tmpii, aa.val()[tmpii]);

fprintf(stdout, "aa[%ld]=%c ", tmpii, aa[tmpii]);

}

// Using pointers on 'char *' val ...

for (char *tmpcc = aa.val(); *tmpcc != 0; tmpcc++)

C++ Programming HOW−TO

4. How Can I trust Al Dev's String Class ?? 9

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